Cell Energy Transformations
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary organ in plants responsible for photosynthesis?

The leaf is the primary organ responsible for photosynthesis.

How do plants acquire water and carbon dioxide necessary for their growth?

Plants acquire water through their roots and carbon dioxide through stomata on their leaves.

What are the two main processes involved in photosynthesis, and how are they categorized?

The two main processes are photolysis (light-dependent, catabolic) and the Calvin Cycle (light-independent, anabolic).

What is the main byproduct of the photolysis stage of photosynthesis?

<p>Oxygen (O2) is the main byproduct of the photolysis stage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does ATP play in the Calvin Cycle?

<p>ATP provides the chemical energy needed to form glucose in the Calvin Cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme is vital during the carbon fixation phase of the Calvin Cycle?

<p>RUBISCO is the enzyme responsible for carbon fixation in the Calvin Cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the inputs required for the Calvin Cycle to operate?

<p>The inputs required are ATP, NADPH (carrying H+), and carbon dioxide (CO2).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the chemical energy stored in ATP during both stages of photosynthesis?

<p>The chemical energy in ATP is used to form glucose during the Calvin Cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does creatine phosphate (CP) play in the production of ATP?

<p>Creatine phosphate donates its phosphate to ADP, allowing ADP to be converted back into ATP for energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does ATP synthase contribute to the ATP/ADP cycle?

<p>ATP synthase lowers the activation energy needed for the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the efficiency of energy transfer during cellular respiration, based on the conversion of glucose to ATP?

<p>The efficiency is approximately 37%, calculated from the energy transferred from glucose into ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of the ATP/ADP cycle in cellular metabolism.

<p>The ATP/ADP cycle enables continuous energy supply for cellular processes by recycling ADP to ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many Calories are stored in one mole of ATP, and how does this relate to cellular reactions?

<p>One mole of ATP stores about 7 Calories, which is sufficient for most cellular reactions that require less than 1 Cal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to light energy in the process of photosynthesis?

<p>Light energy from the sun is converted and stored as chemical energy in the bond between ADP and phosphate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify one reason why creatine supplements are popular among athletes.

<p>Creatine supplements allow athletes to recharge ADP to ATP more efficiently, enhancing performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary product of the catabolism of ATP?

<p>The catabolism of ATP produces ADP and a free phosphate group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ATP in cellular work?

<p>ATP serves as the main unit of energy for cellular activities by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define energy coupling in metabolic pathways.

<p>Energy coupling refers to the process where exergonic reactions fuel endergonic reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the composition of ATP.

<p>ATP is composed of ribose sugar, adenine as the nitrogenous base, and three phosphate groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do organisms derive energy from organic nutrients?

<p>Organisms transform energy from organic nutrients, sunlight, or inorganic chemicals into ATP through metabolic reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are exergonic and endergonic reactions?

<p>Exergonic reactions release energy, while endergonic reactions absorb energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the first law of thermodynamics as it relates to cellular energy.

<p>The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is neither created nor destroyed, only transformed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the conversion of ADP to ATP?

<p>During this conversion, energy is stored in the bond formed between ADP and a phosphate group to create ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the second law of thermodynamics apply to energy transformations in cells?

<p>According to the second law, energy transformations increase the entropy (disorder) of the surroundings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main products of photolysis during photosynthesis?

<p>The main products of photolysis are ATP, NADPH, and O2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do accessory pigments contribute to photosynthesis?

<p>Accessory pigments absorb wavelengths of light not captured by chlorophyll, transferring the excited electrons to chlorophyll.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do leaves change color in the fall?

<p>Leaves change color in the fall because chlorophyll production decreases, revealing the underlying accessory pigments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why blue light is critical for photosynthesis.

<p>Blue light has the shortest wavelengths and produces the greatest excitation of electrons, leading to more ATP production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the role of stomata in a leaf's structure.

<p>Stomata are openings on the underside of leaves that allow for CO2 absorption and O2 removal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall equation for photosynthesis?

<p>The overall equation for photosynthesis is 6H2O + 6CO2 → C6H12O6 + 6O2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to light that is not absorbed by chlorophyll?

<p>Light that is not absorbed is reflected, often as red light at a longer wavelength.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the structure of a leaf optimize photosynthesis?

<p>The large surface area of a leaf maximizes light absorption and the presence of stomata facilitates gas exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of RUBISCO in C3 plants during conditions of oxygen buildup?

<p>RUBISCO initiates photorespiration instead of photosynthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do C4 plants avoid photorespiration?

<p>C4 plants utilize a unique leaf structure and an alternate mode of carbon fixation with a four-carbon compound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What strategy do CAM plants use to conserve water?

<p>CAM plants keep their stomata closed during the day and perform the Calvin cycle at night.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial reactant needed for glycolysis?

<p>The initial reactant needed for glycolysis is glucose (C6H12O6).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organisms participate in cellular respiration, and what do they consume for energy?

<p>Both aerobic and anaerobic organisms participate in cellular respiration, consuming biomatter filled with nutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the food web, how do animals obtain matter necessary for growth?

<p>Animals acquire matter and energy based on their niche by consuming other organisms in the food web.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced from one molecule of glucose during glycolysis?

<p>Two pyruvate molecules and a net gain of two ATP are produced from one glucose molecule during glycolysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does aerobic respiration ultimately relate to solar energy?

<p>Aerobic respiration utilizes biomatter that is synthesized indirectly from solar energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the reactants and products of the formation of Acetyl CoA?

<p>The reactants are 2 pyruvate, and the products are 2 Acetyl CoA and 2 CO2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the main function of the Citric Acid Cycle in cellular respiration.

<p>The Citric Acid Cycle processes 2 Acetyl CoA to produce 4 CO2 and 2 ATP, along with energy intermediates NADH and FADH2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of the Electron Transport Chain?

<p>The Electron Transport Chain produces water and ATP, using 6 O2, ADP, and Pi as reactants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do aerobic and anaerobic respiration differ in terms of energy yield?

<p>Aerobic respiration yields significantly more ATP compared to anaerobic respiration due to the complete oxidation of glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the waste products of cellular aerobic respiration?

<p>The waste products are carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does glucose play in cellular respiration?

<p>Glucose serves as the main molecule for energy storage and utilization, leading to ATP production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced alongside ATP during the Citric Acid Cycle?

<p>Alongside ATP, the Citric Acid Cycle produces NADH and FADH2 as energy intermediates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of aerobic respiration for complex organisms.

<p>Aerobic respiration allows for higher energy yield and supports more complex, active organisms with longer lifespans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, the main energy currency of cells.

Cellular work

The various tasks performed by cells, powered by ATP (mechanical, transport, and chemical).

1st Law of Thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

During energy transformations, entropy (disorder) increases.

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Free Energy

Energy available to do work in a chemical reaction.

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Endergonic reaction

Chemical reaction that absorbs energy.

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Exergonic reaction

Chemical reaction that releases energy.

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Energy Coupling

Using the energy released from one reaction to power another, often endergonic reactions.

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Creatine Phosphate (CP)

A molecule that provides a phosphate group to ADP, converting it back to ATP, giving cells immediate energy.

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ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

The main energy currency of the cell, used for various cellular functions.

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ATP/ADP Cycle

A continuous process where ATP is broken down into ADP and phosphate, and then ADP is recharged back into ATP using energy from other sources like food (glucose).

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Cellular Respiration Efficiency

The process of converting glucose energy into ATP, with only about 37% efficiency. The rest of the energy is lost as heat.

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Photosynthesis Energy Conversion

The process of converting light energy from the sun into chemical energy stored in bonds of molecules like glucose.

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Phosphorylation

The process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule.

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Phosphocreatine and ADP

These two molecules combine to form ATP.

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Photosynthesis location

The main organ in plants where photosynthesis takes place is the leaf. Specifically, within the leaf, the mesophyll cells contain chloroplasts.

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Photosynthesis reactants

Plants take in water through their roots and carbon dioxide through their leaves (stomata). They also get nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus from the soil.

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Photosynthesis stages

Photosynthesis occurs in two main stages: Photolysis (light-dependent, catabolic) and the Calvin Cycle (light-independent, anabolic).

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Photolysis (light-dependent)

This stage uses light energy to excite chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments, splitting water molecules and releasing oxygen; it also creates energy in ATP, and hydrogens (carried by NADPH).

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Calvin Cycle (light-independent)

This stage uses ATP, hydrogen carried by NADPH, and carbon dioxide from the air to build glucose. The most abundant protein, RUBISCO, speeds up this process.

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Chloroplast

Chloroplasts are organelles inside mesophyll cells that are the main site for photosynthesis.

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Product of photolysis

Oxygen is released as a byproduct of water splitting during photolysis.

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Reactant of Calvin cycle

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a key reactant during the Calvin Cycle.

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Photolysis

The process where light energy, water, and ADP are used to produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen. Key step in photosynthesis.

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Calvin Cycle

A series of chemical reactions in photosynthesis where carbon dioxide is converted into glucose using ATP and NADPH.

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Accessory pigments

Pigments other than chlorophyll that absorb different wavelengths of light and transfer that energy to chlorophyll.

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Why leaves change color in fall?

Decreased light and water availability causes chlorophyll production to stop. The underlying accessory pigments then become visible, giving leaves their fall colors.

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Leaf surface area

Large surface area maximizes light absorption for photosynthesis.

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Stomata function

Tiny pores on the underside of leaves allow for gas exchange (CO2 in, O2 out) and water loss (transpiration).

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Blue light & photosynthesis

Blue light has the shortest wavelength, causing the most electron excitation, leading to more ATP production in photosynthesis.

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Red light & reflection

Light not absorbed by chloroplasts is reflected as red light. This is why plants appear green.

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C3 plants

Plants that use the traditional Calvin cycle for photosynthesis, where carbon dioxide is initially fixed into a three-carbon compound.

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Photorespiration

A process that occurs in plants when oxygen is used instead of carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle, leading to a decrease in photosynthetic efficiency.

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C4 plants

Plants that have evolved a mechanism to minimize photorespiration by using a four-carbon compound to initially fix carbon dioxide before it enters the Calvin cycle.

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CAM plants

Plants that use a strategy to conserve water by opening their stomata only at night to take in carbon dioxide and storing it in a form that can be used during the day for photosynthesis.

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Cellular respiration

The process by which cells break down glucose to release energy in the form of ATP.

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Aerobic respiration

Cellular respiration that requires oxygen to produce ATP.

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Glycolysis

The first step of cellular respiration where glucose is broken down into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP.

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Anaerobic respiration

Cellular respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen, producing less ATP than aerobic respiration.

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Acetyl CoA Formation

The second step of aerobic respiration where pyruvate is converted into Acetyl CoA, releasing carbon dioxide. This occurs in the mitochondria and requires oxygen.

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Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

The third step of aerobic respiration where Acetyl CoA is broken down, producing carbon dioxide, ATP, NADH, and FADH2. This process occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.

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Electron Transport Chain

The fourth and final step of aerobic respiration, where electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed along a chain of molecules, releasing energy to produce ATP. This occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

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Oxidative Phosphorylation

The process that uses the energy released from the electron transport chain to power the formation of ATP from ADP and Pi.

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Aerobic Respiration Summary

The complete process of breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen, producing carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. This process involves glycolysis, Acetyl CoA formation, the Krebs Cycle, and the electron transport chain.

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Glucose: Main Energy Source

Glucose is the primary molecule used by cells for energy production through cellular respiration.

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Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces more ATP, while anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen and produces less ATP.

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Higher Efficiency of Aerobic Respiration

Aerobic respiration produces simpler waste products (CO2) and therefore more energy is available for ATP production. This allows for more complex organisms, greater activity, and longer lifespans.

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Study Notes

Cell Energy Transformations Notes

  • Life's chemistry is organized into metabolic pathways.
  • Organisms transform energy from organic nutrients, sunlight, or inorganic chemicals.
  • Energy transformations obey the laws of thermodynamics.
  • The first law states energy is neither created nor destroyed.
  • The second law states that when energy changes form, the entropy (disorder) of the surroundings increases.
  • Organisms live at the expense of free energy.
  • Free energy is needed to drive endergonic reactions (those absorbing energy).
  • Free energy is released from exergonic reactions (those releasing energy).
  • Energy coupling: Exergonic reactions fuel endergonic reactions.
  • ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the main energy unit for cellular work.
  • ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions.
  • Different types of cellular work include mechanical work, transport work, and chemical work.
  • ATP is the main energy intermediate throughout the biosphere.
  • Photosynthesis converts light energy from the sun to chemical energy stored in the bonds between ADP and a phosphate group to create ATP.
  • Consumers convert and store the energy from nutrients to form ATP.

Metabolism, Energy, and Life

  • The structure of ATP involves a ribose (5-carbon sugar), adenine (nitrogenous base), and three phosphate groups.
  • Phosphate groups are negatively charged and connected by high energy bonds.
  • Creatine phosphate (CP) gives up its phosphate to ADP, recharging it into ATP.
  • Creatine phosphate can be used for immediate energy needs.
  • Creatine supplements are popular among athletes, allowing more ADP to be recharged.
  • Phosphorylation of ADP involves combining phosphocreatine and ADP to form ATP, lowering the activation energy of the reaction.
  • ATP synthase is the enzyme that lowers the activation energy of the phosphorylation reaction.

ATP/ADP Cycle

  • The catabolism (hydrolysis) of ATP into ADP and a phosphate group provides energy for cellular work.
  • The anabolism (synthesis) of ATP from ADP and phosphate groups stores energy for future use.
  • This cycle allows for continuous ATP, like an enzyme.

Efficiency

  • The breakdown of glucose releases 686 Calories per mole.
  • The energy storage of ATP is about 7 Calories per mole
  • Cellular respiration transfers glucose energy into 30-36 ATP molecules with ~37% efficiency.

Photosynthesis

  • Light energy from the sun is converted and stored as chemical energy in the bonds between ADP and phosphorus.
  • Photosynthesis is the main process of creating food through using light energy.
  • The leaf is the main photosynthesis organ in plants.
  • Leaves have mesophyll cells containing chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis.
  • Chloroplasts are the main site of photosynthesis.
  • Plants absorb water through their roots and carbon dioxide through stomata.
  • Additional nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus are obtained from the soil.

Photosynthesis – Reactants and Products

  • Photosynthesis is composed of two intermediate reactions called photolysis (light-dependent) and the Calvin Cycle (light-independent).
  • Photolysis breaks down water and absorbs light energy and releases oxygen to form ATP and NADPH.
  • The Calvin Cycle uses CO2, ATP, and NADPH to produce glucose.
  • The reactants in photosynthesis are water (H₂O), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and light energy.
  • The products of photosynthesis are glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and oxygen (O₂).

Pigments in Photosynthesis

  • Accessory pigments (like carotenoids and anthocyanins) absorb other wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot to allow plants to absorb more light.
  • Plants absorb most of the blue and red light for the process of photosynthesis.
  • Chlorophyll is not produced during Fall, therefore accessory pigments reflect brown, orange, red, and yellow colors.

Leaf Structure & Photosynthesis

  • A large surface area of the leaf increases light absorption for CO₂ absorption,O₂ removal and water loss (transpiration).
  • Stomata on the underside of the leaf control gas exchange.

Evolution and Carbon Fixation

  • C₄ and CAM plants have adapted measures to conserve water in arid conditions.
  • They use different modes of carbon fixation (C₄ and CAM) to avoid photorespiration and reduce water loss during hot, arid conditions.

Cellular Respiration

  • Organisms perform cellular respiration to consume biomatter (containing stored energy), which is indirectly synthesized from solar energy.
  • Aerobic respiration is the main process where organisms use oxygen from their environment to make energy from the food they consume. Anaerobic respiration is a process that occurs for organisms that do not have oxygen.
  • Glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain are the stages in aerobic respiration where glucose is broken down to produce ATP.

Animals and Food Webs

  • Animals acquire energy and matter through their specific niche in the food web.
  • Primary consumers eat producers. Secondary consumers eat primary consumers and so on in the chain.

Aerobic Cellular Respiration - Steps

  • Glycolysis: Glucose is broken down into pyruvates, creating a small amount of ATP.
  • Formation of Acetyl CoA: Pyruvates are converted to acetyl CoA, producing CO2.
  • Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle): Acetyl CoA is further broken down, releasing CO₂ and producing energy carriers like NADH and FADH₂.
  • Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation: The energy carriers donate electrons to the electron transport chain creating energy to make ATP.

Interrelated Nature of Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

  • Photosynthetic organisms produce oxygen and glucose during photosynthesis.
  • Respiring organisms release CO₂ when breaking down glucose with oxygen as an energy source.
  • The products of photosynthesis are the reactants for cellular respiration and vice versa.

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