Cell Division
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Questions and Answers

Which event in cell division involves the equal distribution of the duplicated genetic material to each of 2 new daughter cells?

  • Replication
  • Cytokinesis
  • Mitosis (correct)
  • Meiosis

    • What is the purpose of mitosis?

  • To form haploid gametes
  • To duplicate genetic material
  • To divide the cytoplasm
  • To separate and distribute DNA molecules (correct)

    • Which phase of the cell cycle is responsible for the duplication of genetic material?

  • S phase (correct)
  • M phase
  • G1 phase
  • G2 phase

    • Which event in cell division involves the division of cytoplasm to each of the 2 new daughter cells?

    <p>Cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of meiosis?

    <p>To form haploid gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event in cell division involves two cell divisions and results in the formation of 4 haploid gametes?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cell cycle is responsible for the equal distribution of the duplicated genetic material to each of 2 new daughter cells?

    <p>Metaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event in cell division keeps the chromosome numbers constant through generations?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event in cell division increases genetic variability in the population through genetic recombination?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are produced in the female ovaries and male testes through cell division?

    <p>Haploid gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process produces cells that are identical to the parent cell?

    <p>Mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Meiosis?

    <p>To produce gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic composition of cells produced through Meiosis?

    <p>Not identical as parent cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the pairing of homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the haploid number of chromosomes in humans?

    <p>23</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diploid number of chromosomes in humans?

    <p>46</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic material that carries information for making proteins in our bodies?

    <p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Mitosis?

    <p>To produce somatic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic makeup of a cell or organism called?

    <p>Genotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of genes in the human body?

    <p>Approximately 23,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Gregor Mendel's experiments, which of the following statements is true?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Gregor Mendel hypothesize about the "heritable units" in parents?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the "heritable unit" discovered by Gregor Mendel?

    <p>Gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did the term "genes" first appear?

    <p>After Mendel's death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Law of Segregation based on?

    <p>Predictions from one-trait crosses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Law of Independent Assortment based on?

    <p>Predictions from two-trait crosses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does genotype refer to?

    <p>The genes an individual carries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does phenotype refer to?

    <p>An individual's observable traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an allele?

    <p>An alternative form of a gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous genotypes?

    <p>Homozygous genotypes have two identical alleles, while heterozygous genotypes have two different alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes traits that result from the interactions of many genes, rather than the expression of just one gene?

    <p>Polygenic traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for traits that are influenced by both genes and the environment?

    <p>Multifactorial traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chromosome pair determines the sex of an individual?

    <p>23rd pair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of inheritance is characterized by the allele being located on the X-chromosome?

    <p>X-linked inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a Punnett square?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of pedigree charts?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of genetic variation may be due to mutations perpetuated in small, isolated populations?

    <p>Genetic variations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the conversion of DNA to mRNA?

    <p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of converting mRNA into a protein?

    <p>Translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the flow of genetic information from DNA to protein known as?

    <p>The Central Dogma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the genetic code?

    <p>All organisms have the same genetic code</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many codons code for amino acids in the genetic code?

    <p>64</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which codon acts as the 'start signal' for amino acid chain sequences?

    <p>AUG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following codons act as 'stop signals' indicating the end of a message?

    <p>UAA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sequence of the peptide if the mRNA sequence is AUGUUUCAG?

    <p>Met-Phe-Gln</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'NH2' represent in the correct sequence of the peptide?

    <p>Amino group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'COOH' represent in the correct sequence of the peptide?

    <p>Carboxyl group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many stop signals are there in the genetic code?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the start signal codon AUG?

    <p>To code for the amino acid methionine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the stop signal codons UAA, UAG, and UGA?

    <p>To indicate the end of a message</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Division and Mitosis

    • Mitosis ensures equal distribution of duplicated genetic material to two new daughter cells.
    • Purpose of mitosis: growth, repair, and asexual reproduction, maintaining chromosome number.
    • DNA duplication occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle.
    • Cytokinesis is the process that divides the cytoplasm between the two daughter cells.
    • Mitosis keeps chromosome numbers constant through generations.

    Meiosis

    • Meiosis involves two cell divisions resulting in four haploid gametes.
    • Purpose of meiosis: sexual reproduction and increasing genetic variability through genetic recombination.
    • Meiosis reduces chromosome number by half, resulting in haploid cells from diploid cells.
    • Cells produced in ovaries and testes through meiosis are ova and sperm, respectively.

    Genetic Composition

    • Haploid number of chromosomes in humans: 23.
    • Diploid number of chromosomes in humans: 46.
    • Genetic material responsible for protein synthesis is DNA.
    • Genetic makeup of a cell or organism is referred to as its genotype.
    • Total number of genes in the human body is approximately 20,000-25,000.

    Mendelian Genetics

    • Mendel’s hypothesis about heritable units led to the discovery of "genes."
    • The term "genes" first appeared in the early 20th century.
    • Law of Segregation states that alleles separate during gamete formation.
    • Law of Independent Assortment describes how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop.
    • Genotype refers to the genetic constitution of an organism, while phenotype refers to the observable traits.
    • Alleles are different forms of a gene; homozygous genotypes have identical alleles, while heterozygous genotypes have different alleles.
    • Polygenic traits are influenced by multiple genes, while multifactorial traits are influenced by both genes and the environment.

    Sex Determination and Inheritance

    • The sex of an individual is determined by the X and Y chromosome pair.
    • X-linked inheritance occurs when an allele is located on the X chromosome.
    • Punnett squares are used to predict the genotypic outcome of a genetic cross, while pedigree charts record family traits over generations.

    Genetic Variation and Protein Synthesis

    • Genetic variation in small, isolated populations may arise from mutations.
    • Transcription is the process converting DNA into mRNA.
    • Translation refers to converting mRNA into a protein.
    • The flow of genetic information is described as the central dogma: DNA → RNA → Protein.

    Genetic Code

    • The genetic code consists of codons, triplet sequences that encode amino acids.
    • 64 codons code for amino acids, with AUG as the start codon.
    • UAA, UAG, and UGA are stop codons indicating the end of translation.
    • Peptide sequence from mRNA AUGUUUCAG results in NH2—(N-terminus) and COOH—(C-terminus).
    • There are three stop signals in the genetic code, functioning to terminate protein synthesis.
    • The start signal codon AUG initiates the translation process, while stop signals conclude it.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on cell division and the three distinct but interconnected events that occur: replication, mitosis, and cytokinesis. Explore the process of DNA duplication, distribution of genetic material to daughter cells, and the division of the cytoplasm.

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