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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of meiosis in an organism?
What is the primary purpose of meiosis in an organism?
What is the end product of cellular respiration?
What is the end product of cellular respiration?
Which process generates energy from light through chemical reactions?
Which process generates energy from light through chemical reactions?
What characterizes eukaryotic microorganisms?
What characterizes eukaryotic microorganisms?
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What is the primary function of light-dependent reactions?
What is the primary function of light-dependent reactions?
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What is the result of mitosis?
What is the result of mitosis?
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What is the byproduct of lactic acid fermentation?
What is the byproduct of lactic acid fermentation?
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What characterizes prokaryotic organisms?
What characterizes prokaryotic organisms?
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What is the purpose of the Calvin cycle?
What is the purpose of the Calvin cycle?
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What is the result of meiosis II?
What is the result of meiosis II?
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Study Notes
Cell Division
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Mitosis: process of cell division that results in two daughter cells with same number of chromosomes as parent cell
- Phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
- Important for growth, development, and tissue repair
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Meiosis: process of cell division that results in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as parent cell
- Phases: prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II
- Important for sexual reproduction and genetic diversity
Cellular Energy Production
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Cellular Respiration: process of generating energy from glucose through cellular metabolism
- Three stages: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation
- Produces ATP (adenosine triphosphate), NADH, and FADH2
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Fermentation: process of generating energy from glucose in absence of oxygen
- Two types: lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation
- Produces ATP and lactic acid or ethanol
Photosynthetic Processes
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Photosynthesis: process of generating energy from light through chemical reactions
- Two stages: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions
- Produces glucose and oxygen
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Light-Dependent Reactions: process of generating ATP and NADPH from light energy
- Occurs in thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts
- Involves electron transport chain and proton pumping
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Light-Independent Reactions: process of generating glucose from CO2 using ATP and NADPH
- Occurs in stroma of chloroplasts
- Involves Calvin cycle and carbon fixation
Eukaryotic Microorganisms
- Characteristics: true nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, linear chromosomes
- Examples: protozoa, fungi, algae
- Functions: decomposition, nutrient cycling, symbiotic relationships
Prokaryotic Organisms
- Characteristics: no true nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, circular chromosomes
- Examples: bacteria, archaea
- Functions: decomposition, nitrogen fixation, symbiotic relationships
Cellular Respiration
- Overview: process of generating energy from glucose through cellular metabolism
-
Stages:
- Glycolysis: breakdown of glucose into pyruvate
- Citric Acid Cycle: breakdown of pyruvate into ATP, NADH, and FADH2
- Oxidative Phosphorylation: generation of ATP from NADH and FADH2
- Importance: provides energy for cellular activities, necessary for life
Cell Division
-
Mitosis: results in two daughter cells with same number of chromosomes as parent cell
- Consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
- Crucial for growth, development, and tissue repair
-
Meiosis: results in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as parent cell
- Consists of prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II
- Essential for sexual reproduction and genetic diversity
Cellular Energy Production
-
Cellular Respiration: generates energy from glucose through cellular metabolism
- Consists of glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation
- Produces ATP, NADH, and FADH2
-
Fermentation: generates energy from glucose in absence of oxygen
- Includes lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation
- Produces ATP and lactic acid or ethanol
Photosynthetic Processes
-
Photosynthesis: generates energy from light through chemical reactions
- Consists of light-dependent and light-independent reactions
- Produces glucose and oxygen
-
Light-Dependent Reactions: generates ATP and NADPH from light energy
- Occurs in thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts
- Involves electron transport chain and proton pumping
-
Light-Independent Reactions: generates glucose from CO2 using ATP and NADPH
- Occurs in stroma of chloroplasts
- Involves Calvin cycle and carbon fixation
Microorganisms
-
Eukaryotic Microorganisms: characterized by true nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, linear chromosomes
- Examples include protozoa, fungi, algae
- Involved in decomposition, nutrient cycling, symbiotic relationships
-
Prokaryotic Organisms: characterized by no true nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, circular chromosomes
- Examples include bacteria, archaea
- Involved in decomposition, nitrogen fixation, symbiotic relationships
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Description
Learn about the two types of cell division: Mitosis, which results in two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell, and Meiosis, which results in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
