Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis

Cell Division

• Mitosis: process of cell division that results in two daughter cells with same number of chromosomes as parent cell
  • Phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
  • Important for growth, development, and tissue repair
• Meiosis: process of cell division that results in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as parent cell
  • Phases: prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II
  • Important for sexual reproduction and genetic diversity

Cellular Energy Production

• Cellular Respiration: process of generating energy from glucose through cellular metabolism
  • Three stages: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation
  • Produces ATP (adenosine triphosphate), NADH, and FADH2
• Fermentation: process of generating energy from glucose in absence of oxygen
  • Two types: lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation
  • Produces ATP and lactic acid or ethanol

Photosynthetic Processes

• Photosynthesis: process of generating energy from light through chemical reactions
  • Two stages: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions
  • Produces glucose and oxygen
• Light-Dependent Reactions: process of generating ATP and NADPH from light energy
  • Occurs in thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts
  • Involves electron transport chain and proton pumping
• Light-Independent Reactions: process of generating glucose from CO2 using ATP and NADPH
  • Occurs in stroma of chloroplasts
  • Involves Calvin cycle and carbon fixation

Eukaryotic Microorganisms

• Characteristics: true nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, linear chromosomes
• Examples: protozoa, fungi, algae
• Functions: decomposition, nutrient cycling, symbiotic relationships

Prokaryotic Organisms

• Characteristics: no true nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, circular chromosomes
• Examples: bacteria, archaea
• Functions: decomposition, nitrogen fixation, symbiotic relationships

Cellular Respiration

• Overview: process of generating energy from glucose through cellular metabolism
• Stages:
  1. Glycolysis: breakdown of glucose into pyruvate
  2. Citric Acid Cycle: breakdown of pyruvate into ATP, NADH, and FADH2
  3. Oxidative Phosphorylation: generation of ATP from NADH and FADH2
• Importance: provides energy for cellular activities, necessary for life

Cell Division

• Mitosis: results in two daughter cells with same number of chromosomes as parent cell
  • Consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
  • Crucial for growth, development, and tissue repair
• Meiosis: results in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as parent cell
  • Consists of prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II
  • Essential for sexual reproduction and genetic diversity

Cellular Energy Production

• Cellular Respiration: generates energy from glucose through cellular metabolism
  • Consists of glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation
  • Produces ATP, NADH, and FADH2
• Fermentation: generates energy from glucose in absence of oxygen
  • Includes lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation
  • Produces ATP and lactic acid or ethanol

Photosynthetic Processes

• Photosynthesis: generates energy from light through chemical reactions
  • Consists of light-dependent and light-independent reactions
  • Produces glucose and oxygen
• Light-Dependent Reactions: generates ATP and NADPH from light energy
  • Occurs in thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts
  • Involves electron transport chain and proton pumping
• Light-Independent Reactions: generates glucose from CO2 using ATP and NADPH
  • Occurs in stroma of chloroplasts
  • Involves Calvin cycle and carbon fixation

Microorganisms

• Eukaryotic Microorganisms: characterized by true nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, linear chromosomes
  • Examples include protozoa, fungi, algae
  • Involved in decomposition, nutrient cycling, symbiotic relationships
• Prokaryotic Organisms: characterized by no true nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, circular chromosomes
  • Examples include bacteria, archaea
  • Involved in decomposition, nitrogen fixation, symbiotic relationships