Cell Division: Meiosis vs. Mitosis

The stage in the cell cycle where the cell divides. It includes two processes: mitosis and cytokinesis.

The process of nuclear division where the duplicated chromosomes are distributed to two daughter nuclei, resulting in two identical sets.

A genetic inheritance pattern where the heterozygote phenotype is a blend of the two homozygous phenotypes.

A genetic inheritance pattern where both alleles are expressed equally, resulting in both traits being visible.

Traits influenced by genes located on sex chromosomes (X or Y), leading to different inheritance patterns in males and females.

Organisms that always produce offspring with the same trait when self-fertilized.

A cross between two individuals differing in only one trait.

An alternative form of a gene.

Having two identical alleles for a specific trait.

Having two different alleles for a specific trait.

The specific location of a gene on a chromosome.

Natural or synthetic substances that slow or stop bacterial growth. They can target different bacterial processes like enzyme activity, cell wall formation, protein synthesis, or DNA replication.

A type of antibiotic that works by interfering with bacterial cell wall formation. They contain a β-lactam ring, which is crucial for their function.

Enzymes produced by bacteria that break down β-lactam antibiotics, making them ineffective.

Genes responsible for producing β-lactamases, allowing bacteria to resist β-lactam antibiotics.

Labeling the bottom of the agar plate with information such as your name, date, medium type, and organism.

Collecting soil samples using a sterile container to prevent contamination. Scoop up a small amount of soil using the container lip.

Transferring a small amount of bacterial suspension onto an agar plate and spreading it evenly using a sterile rod.

A precise tool used to transfer small, specific volumes of liquid. It involves setting the desired volume, attaching a sterile tip, and carefully transferring the liquid.

A mixture of distilled water and soil, used to suspend bacteria for further analysis.

The liquid layer that forms on top of the soil suspension after it settles.

A technique for isolating DNA by removing cellular proteins and RNA.

A mixture containing enzymes and precursors used in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques.

A heat-resistant enzyme used in PCR that helps build new DNA strands.

A technique for rapidly copying DNA fragments by repeatedly cycling through denaturation, annealing, and extension.

A device used to amplify DNA for various applications like DNA fingerprinting and pathogen detection.

A technique used to separate DNA fragments based on their size using an electric current.

A standard mixture of DNA fragments of known sizes used to determine the size of unknown DNA fragments in gel electrophoresis.

The process of carefully placing DNA samples into wells of a gel electrophoresis apparatus using a micropipette.

Analyzing the banding patterns of DNA fragments in a gel electrophoresis experiment to determine their size and presence.

Samples of known DNA fragments used to ensure the experiment is working properly and to provide a reference point for comparison.

Having only one set of chromosomes, typically found in gametes (sperm and egg cells) produced during meiosis.

Having two sets of chromosomes, typically found in most body cells (somatic cells).

The pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis. This allows for crossing over, exchanging genetic material.

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during synapsis. This creates new combinations of genes and contributes to genetic diversity.

The region of a chromosome where sister chromatids are attached, playing a crucial role in chromosome movement during cell division.

Undifferentiated cells that have the potential to develop into specialized cell types. They are vital for tissue growth and repair, and they hold promise for therapeutic applications.

The process of producing human tissues using stem cells, potentially for treating diseases or injuries.

Control points within the cell cycle that ensure the proper execution of each phase, preventing errors and ensuring cell division occurs only under appropriate conditions.