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Questions and Answers
How many nuclear divisions are required in meiosis?
How many nuclear divisions are required in meiosis?
Which statement is true regarding the chromosome behavior during mitosis?
Which statement is true regarding the chromosome behavior during mitosis?
What is the primary function of meiosis?
What is the primary function of meiosis?
Which of the following accurately describes the products of meiosis?
Which of the following accurately describes the products of meiosis?
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What occurs at the G1 checkpoint of the cell cycle?
What occurs at the G1 checkpoint of the cell cycle?
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Which type of cells can stem cells produce?
Which type of cells can stem cells produce?
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In which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
In which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
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What is the outcome if chromosomes are not properly aligned during mitosis?
What is the outcome if chromosomes are not properly aligned during mitosis?
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Which of the following statements about centromeres is true?
Which of the following statements about centromeres is true?
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What is one purpose of therapeutic cloning?
What is one purpose of therapeutic cloning?
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What is the primary function of mitosis during the M stage of the cell cycle?
What is the primary function of mitosis during the M stage of the cell cycle?
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In incomplete dominance, what is the expected phenotype of a heterozygote?
In incomplete dominance, what is the expected phenotype of a heterozygote?
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How many versions of a gene exist for a trait in a population where multiple alleles are present?
How many versions of a gene exist for a trait in a population where multiple alleles are present?
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In a dihybrid cross, which of the following is essential?
In a dihybrid cross, which of the following is essential?
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What term describes the phenotype resulting from codominance?
What term describes the phenotype resulting from codominance?
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What best describes the genetic makeup of a homozygous individual?
What best describes the genetic makeup of a homozygous individual?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding sex linkage?
Which of the following statements is true regarding sex linkage?
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What aspect is crucial when writing the methods section of a scientific lab report?
What aspect is crucial when writing the methods section of a scientific lab report?
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Which of the following describes the outcome of cytokinesis?
Which of the following describes the outcome of cytokinesis?
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Which statement best reflects the principles of a monohybrid cross?
Which statement best reflects the principles of a monohybrid cross?
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Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for β-lactam antibiotics?
Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for β-lactam antibiotics?
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What is the primary role of β-lactamases in bacterial resistance?
What is the primary role of β-lactamases in bacterial resistance?
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When extracting soil samples, what must one ensure before scooping up the sample?
When extracting soil samples, what must one ensure before scooping up the sample?
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What sequence of actions is correct for using a micropipette?
What sequence of actions is correct for using a micropipette?
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Which of the following components is NOT required to be labeled on an agar plate?
Which of the following components is NOT required to be labeled on an agar plate?
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Which method is used to create a 'soil smoothie' for bacterial extraction?
Which method is used to create a 'soil smoothie' for bacterial extraction?
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What is the significance of the BLA, BLA-TEM, and Bla SHV genes in soil samples?
What is the significance of the BLA, BLA-TEM, and Bla SHV genes in soil samples?
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What happens during the preparation of an agar plate after transferring the soil sample?
What happens during the preparation of an agar plate after transferring the soil sample?
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What is the role of the yellow rod when plating bacteria on an agar plate?
What is the role of the yellow rod when plating bacteria on an agar plate?
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What defines a β-lactam antibiotic?
What defines a β-lactam antibiotic?
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What is the primary purpose of DNA isolation?
What is the primary purpose of DNA isolation?
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Which component does NOT belong in a master mix used for PCR?
Which component does NOT belong in a master mix used for PCR?
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What is the significance of Taq polymerase in PCR applications?
What is the significance of Taq polymerase in PCR applications?
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Which step in the PCR process involves the separation of DNA strands?
Which step in the PCR process involves the separation of DNA strands?
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What is the main function of a PCR machine?
What is the main function of a PCR machine?
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How is gel electrophoresis used in molecular biology?
How is gel electrophoresis used in molecular biology?
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Why is a DNA ladder used in gel electrophoresis?
Why is a DNA ladder used in gel electrophoresis?
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What does a thinner band in electrophoresis indicate regarding DNA samples?
What does a thinner band in electrophoresis indicate regarding DNA samples?
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What must be done to load samples into gel electrophoresis wells accurately?
What must be done to load samples into gel electrophoresis wells accurately?
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What happens during the annealing stage of PCR?
What happens during the annealing stage of PCR?
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Study Notes
Meiosis
- Produces four haploid cells, which are non-identical.
- Requires two nuclear divisions.
- Chromosomes synapse and cross over.
- Centromeres survive Anaphase I.
- Chromosome number is halved.
- Produces four daughter nuclei.
- Daughter cells are genetically different from the parent and each other.
- Used only for sexual reproduction.
Mitosis
- Requires one nuclear division.
- Chromosomes do not synapse or cross over.
- Centromeres dissolve in mitotic anaphase.
- Chromosome number is preserved.
- Produces two daughter nuclei.
- Daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent and each other.
- Used for asexual reproduction and growth.
- Found in mammalian organs and stem cells.
- Allows cells to retain the ability to divide.
- Occurs in red bone marrow to produce various blood cells.
Cell Cycle and Checkpoints: Interphase
- Cell performs usual functions during interphase.
- Time varies by cell type.
- Interphase consists of G1, S, and G2 phases.
- G1 checkpoint : Checks for proper DNA replication before continuing. Apoptosis occurs if DNA is damaged and cannot be repaired.
- Mitosis checkpoint : Checks for proper duplication of DNA. Apoptosis occurs if DNA is damaged and cannot be repaired.
- G2 checkpoint : Checks for proper DNA duplication. Apoptosis occurs if DNA is damaged and cannot be repaired.
- M checkpoint : Checks if chromosomes are properly aligned before mitosis proceeds.
M (Mitotic) Stage
- Includes Mitosis (nuclear division).
- Daughter chromosomes are distributed by mitotic spindle to two daughter nuclei.
- Includes Cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm).
- Results in two genetically identical daughter cells.
Incomplete Dominance
- Heterozygote phenotype is intermediate between either homozygote.
- Homozygous red = red phenotype.
- Homozygous white = white phenotype.
- Phenotype reveals genotype without a test cross.
Dihybrid Cross
- Multiple alleles occur when there are more than two versions of a gene (alleles) for a trait in a population.
- Each trait is controlled by two alleles.
Dominant and Recessive Alleles
- Dominant allele masks expression of recessive allele.
- Alleles occur on homologous pairs of chromosomes at particular gene loci.
- Homozygous = identical alleles.
- Heterozygous = different alleles.
- Used "true-breeding" (homozygous) plants.
- Chose varieties that differed in only one trait (monohybrid cross).
Codominance
- Two versions of a gene/alleles are expressed equally resulting in the appearance of both traits.
Sex Linkage
- Traits influenced by sex chromosomes (X or Y).
Antibiotics
- Antibiotics (e.g., penicillin, streptomycin) are natural or synthetic molecules which stop bacterial growth and survival.
- They inhibit enzymes in metabolic pathways, cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, or DNA synthesis.
- B-lactams inhibit bacterial activity by bonding to penicillin binding proteins.
- B-Lactamase enzymes are produced by bacteria to deactivate B-lactam antibiotics.
B-lactam Antibiotics in Soil Samples
- Labelling agar plates with samples, date, medium type, and sample information.
- Extracting soil samples using various tools.
- Plating soil bacteria on agar plates.
- Extracting bacteria from agar plates.
DNA Isolation
- DNA Isolation is a technique used to remove cellular proteins, and RNA to isolate DNA.
- Master mix contains precursors, enzymes, dNTPs, MgCl2, Taq polymerase, pH buffer, in nuclease-free water.
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
- Used to replicate DNA, detect DNA, DNA fingerprinting, forensic analysis, and pathogen detection.
- Steps include Denaturing, Annealing, and Extending.
Gel Electrophoresis
- Separates DNA fragments based on size using an electric current through gel.
- DNA ladder is used to determine the size of DNA molecules.
Antibiotic Resistance
- Bacteria develop resistance due to gene changes. This change allows bacteria to resist antibiotic drugs.
Lab Handout Questions
- All questions from lab handouts are fair game.
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Description
Explore the key differences between meiosis and mitosis in this quiz. Understand the processes, outcomes, and significance of each type of cell division, along with the role of interphase and checkpoints. Perfect for biology students looking to reinforce their knowledge of cellular processes.
