Cell Division in Biology

<p>Single circular DNA molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To grow and develop from a fertilized egg</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beginning at a single origin of replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Somatic cells have a different number of chromosomes than gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To maintain chromosome structure and control gene activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It becomes highly compact and visible with a microscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An ordered sequence of events that extends from the time a cell is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Division of the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anaphase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Locus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Four haploid gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To increase genetic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A diploid zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both mitosis and meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A zygote with 70 trillion diploid combinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>gametes with an altered number of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trisomy 21</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Y chromosome is smaller than the X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attachment of a segment to a nonhomologous chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases genetic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2^n possible combinations of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell division is essential for reproduction, growth, and cell renewal and repair in living organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell division ensures genetic identity by duplicating the chromosomes and sorting the new sets of chromosomes into the resulting pair of daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Asexual reproduction produces offspring with no genetic variation, while sexual reproduction produces offspring with unique combinations of genes from two parents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The chromosome of a prokaryote is typically a single circular DNA molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell division is necessary for growth, cell renewal and repair, and production of gametes (sperm and egg cells) in multicellular organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell division enables organisms to reproduce their own kind by producing genetically identical daughter cells that can grow and develop into new individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacterial chromosomes replicate by beginning at the origin of replication, and the cell elongates while the chromosome is replicating. The outcome is two daughter chromosomes that actively move apart, and the plasma membrane pinches inward, dividing the cell into two.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Somatic cells are diploid (2n) and have two sets of chromosomes, whereas gametes are haploid (n) and have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells. Somatic cells divide by mitosis, and gametes divide by meiosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of chromatin, consisting of one long DNA molecule and proteins that help maintain the chromosome structure and control gene activity. To prepare for division, chromatin becomes highly compact and visible with a microscope.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chromosome duplication in eukaryotic cells results in sister chromatids, which are joined together along their lengths by cohesins and are cinched especially tightly at the centromere. During cell division, the sister chromatids separate from each other and sort into separate daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cell cycle is an ordered sequence of events that extends from the time a cell is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division. The two stages are the growing phase and the division phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prokaryotic cells have a single, circular chromosome, whereas eukaryotic cells have multiple, linear chromosomes with more complex structures. Prokaryotic cells replicate their chromosomes in a simpler process compared to eukaryotic cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In prophase, chromatin condenses into chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope breaks down. This stage prepares the cell for chromosome separation in both mitosis and meiosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homologous chromosomes contribute to genetic variation through crossing over, which increases genetic diversity by creating new combinations of alleles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In mitosis, chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate as identical sister chromatids. In meiosis I, pairs of homologous chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two consecutive cell divisions in meiosis (meiosis I and meiosis II) increase genetic variation by allowing for independent assortment and crossing over, resulting in unique haploid gametes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The centromere is the specialized region on a chromosome that attaches to microtubules, allowing for proper chromosome separation during mitosis and meiosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diploid organisms have a life cycle that begins with a diploid zygote, followed by mitosis and growth, whereas haploid organisms have a life cycle that begins with a haploid gamete and involves meiosis to produce haploid offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In anaphase, sister chromatids or homologous chromosomes separate, leading to the distribution of genetic material to daughter cells in mitosis and meiosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitosis produces genetically identical diploid cells, whereas meiosis produces genetically unique haploid gametes, resulting in genetic variation in offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm, which completes the cell division process in both mitosis and meiosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>These mechanisms contribute to genetic diversity by increasing the number of possible genetic combinations in offspring, resulting in genetic variation and diversity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Independent assortment of chromosomes contributes to genetic variation by allowing each pair of chromosomes to align independently at the metaphase plate, resulting in 2^n possible combinations of chromosomes. This, combined with crossing over, produces approximately 70 trillion possible diploid combinations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crossing over, or genetic recombination, increases genetic variation by exchanging corresponding segments between nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes. In humans, an average of 1-3 crossover events occur per chromosome pair, further increasing genetic variability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nondisjunction during meiosis results in the failure of chromosomes or chromatids to separate normally, producing abnormal gametes with altered chromosome numbers. This can lead to zygotes with abnormal chromosome numbers, resulting in genetic disorders or abnormalities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trisomy 21, also known as Down syndrome, is a genetic disorder characterized by the inheritance of three copies of chromosome 21. Symptoms include characteristic facial features, short stature, heart defects, susceptibility to respiratory infections, and varying degrees of developmental disabilities. The incidence of trisomy 21 increases with the age of the mother.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sex chromosome abnormalities seem to have a lower impact on survival due to the small size of the Y chromosome and X chromosome inactivation. The most common human sex chromosome abnormalities include a single Y chromosome producing 'maleness' and the absence of a Y chromosome yielding 'femaleness'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alterations in chromosome structure that can cause birth defects and cancer include inversions, deletions, duplications, and reciprocal translocations. For example, an inversion can cause a reversal of a chromosome segment, while a deletion can result in the loss of a chromosome segment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of crossover events increases genetic variation by allowing for more possible combinations of genes. This, combined with independent assortment, results in a unique genetic identity for each individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Independent assortment contributes to genetic variation by allowing each pair of chromosomes to align independently, while crossing over increases genetic variation by exchanging corresponding segments between nonsister chromatids. These processes interact to produce genetic diversity by allowing for a vast number of possible combinations of chromosomes and genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Meiosis contributes to genetic variation through the processes of independent assortment and crossing over, resulting in a unique genetic identity for each individual. This genetic variation is essential for the survival and adaptation of a species, and is the raw material for natural selection to act upon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic variation is essential for human health, as it allows for adaptation to changing environments and provides a buffer against genetic disorders. Mechanisms such as independent assortment and crossing over increase genetic variation, which can reduce the risk of genetic disorders by providing a diverse range of genetic combinations.</p> Signup and view all the answers