Cell Division & Genetics Chapter 19

Pairs of chromosomes that carry the same genes, one inherited from each parent.

A visual display of an organism's chromosomes arranged from largest to smallest.

A reproductive cell (like sperm or egg) having only one set of chromosomes.

A cell that makes up a part of a body tissue (e.g. muscle, skin).

The process of a cell dividing to produce two new cells.

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.

A structure containing DNA which carries genes.

The stages of development and growth from birth to reproduction.

Cell division that creates two identical daughter cells. It's responsible for growth, development, and repairing damaged tissues.

Cell division that produces four unique sex cells (gametes), each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell.

The first cell formed when a sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell. It contains a complete set of chromosomes, half from each parent.

Undifferentiated cells that can divide and develop into specialized cells. They are responsible for tissue renewal.

Before a cell divides, each chromosome makes an identical copy of itself. These copies remain attached at a point called the centromere.

Each daughter cell needs a complete set of chromosomes to function properly. Replication ensures both daughter cells get a full set.

Stem cells are known to undergo mitosis in adults to replace damaged or worn-out cells.

Two individuals contribute genetic material to create offspring. The child inherits a unique combination of chromosomes from both parents.

Meiosis is essential for creating egg and sperm cells (gametes) with half the number of chromosomes (23) compared to regular body cells (46).

Meiosis produces four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell.

In females, during meiosis, the cytoplasm divides unevenly, resulting in only one viable egg cell instead of four.

Mitosis involves one cell division, while meiosis involves two cell divisions.

Mitosis produces two daughter cells each with the same number of chromosomes as the original cell, while meiosis produces four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell.

Daughter cells from mitosis are genetically identical to the original cell, while daughter cells from meiosis are genetically different.

Mitosis is used for growth, repair, and replacement of cells within the body.

Nondisjunction is a mistake during meiosis where chromosomes fail to separate correctly, resulting in gametes with the wrong number of chromosomes.

A genetic condition where females only inherit one X chromosome. This results in underdeveloped reproductive organs and sterility.

A genetic condition where males inherit an extra Y chromosome. This can lead to increased height and fertility.

A genetic condition where males inherit an extra X chromosome. This can result in underdeveloped testes, infertility, and the potential for developing secondary female characteristics.

Different versions of the same gene. For example, one allele might code for blue eyes, while another codes for brown eyes.

An allele that will always be expressed as a trait if present, even if only one copy is inherited.

An allele that only shows up as a trait if two copies are inherited, one from each parent.

The specific combination of alleles an individual has for a particular gene. For example, someone could have two dominant alleles for brown eyes (BB) or one dominant and one recessive allele (Bb).