Cell Division and Protein Synthesis
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Questions and Answers

What is the process that involves a 'parent' cell splitting into two or more 'daughter' cells?

Meiosis

What is the process by which 'gametes' or sex cells are produced with half the number of chromosomes?

Meiosis

In what process is a diploid cell converted into a haploid gamete, leading to increased diversity in offspring?

Meiosis

During which phase of meiosis do chromosomes in a diploid cell (2n) resegregate, producing two daughter cells?

<p>Meiosis I</p> Signup and view all the answers

What step of meiosis generates genetic diversity?

<p>Meiosis I</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phase of meiosis encompasses prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I?

<p>Meiosis I</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which division of meiosis does each new gamete cell end up with half the number of chromosomes (n) for the first time?

<p>Meiosis I</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of meiosis resembles mitosis more closely?

<p>Meiosis II</p> Signup and view all the answers

After Meiosis I, the chromosomal numbers have been reduced to haploid (n). What happens during Meiosis II?

<p>The chromosomal numbers remain unchanged after this division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of meiosis includes prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, and telophase II?

<p>Meiosis II</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of Meiosis II?

<p>It begins with two haploid (n = 2) cells and ends with four haploid (n = 2) cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of Meiosis II regarding the genetic makeup of the resulting cells?

<p>The resulting four cells are genetically different from one another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a reproductive cell of an animal or plant?

<p>Gamete</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a cell with two copies of each chromosome called?

<p>Diploid cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of cell has a single set of chromosomes?

<p>Haploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many different kinds of bases can be found on DNA?

<p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nitrogenous base is found on RNA but not on DNA?

<p>Uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many bases are in a codon?

<p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a codon?

<p>A DNA or RNA sequence of three nucleotides that forms a unit of genomic information encoding a particular amino acid or signaling the termination of protein synthesis (stop signals).</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many amino acids are attached to a single transfer RNA?

<p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does transcription occur?

<p>nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of making RNA from DNA called?

<p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of assembling a protein from RNA called?

<p>Translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is mRNA made?

<p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does mRNA do?

<p>It travels out to the ribosome to carry the message of DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What base isn't found in RNA?

<p>Thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What base pairs with T in DNA in letter form?

<p>A</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many nitrogenous bases code for one amino acid?

<p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step of protein synthesis?

<p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the second step of protein synthesis?

<p>Translation is the stage of protein synthesis where the genetic code carried by mRNA is read by ribosomes, and the amino acid sequence for a protein is assembled.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the bases on the mRNA strand called?

<p>Codons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the bases on the tRNA called?

<p>Anticodons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a start codon?

<p>AUG</p> Signup and view all the answers

A bunch of amino acids attached together is called a

<p>Peptide chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step of transcription?

<p>mRNA transcribes DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the second step of transcription?

<p>DNA is &quot;unzipped&quot; and the mRNA strand copies a strand of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fourth step of DNA replication and what does it do?

<p>Ligase seals up the fragments in DNA forming full strands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in the Telophase?

<p>Cell starts to form a cleave furrow in the middle to start seperation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cycles happen in Mitosis in order: (?,?,?,?)

<p>Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the phases of mitosis in order

<p>Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cell cycle does the cell make sure it has everything it needs to duplicate?

<p>G2</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the shortest phase of the cell cycle?

<p>Mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many daughter cells are produced by mitosis?

<p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a parent cell has 10 chromosomes how many chromosomes does each daughter cell have?

<p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do cells divide?

<p>repair, reproduce and growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Meiosis

A type of cell division that produces gametes (sex cells) with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

Gamete

A reproductive cell (like sperm or egg) with half the number of chromosomes.

Diploid Cell

A cell containing two sets of chromosomes.

Haploid

A cell containing one set of chromosomes.

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Meiosis I

The first division in meiosis, reducing the chromosome number to half.

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Meiosis II

The second division in meiosis, producing four genetically unique haploid cells.

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Transcription

The process of making RNA from DNA.

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Translation

Assembling a protein from RNA.

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mRNA

Messenger RNA that carries the genetic code for protein synthesis from the nucleus to the ribosomes.

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Ribosomes

Cellular structures where proteins are synthesized.

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Codon

A sequence of three nucleotides that codes for an amino acid or a stop signal.

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Anticodon

A sequence of three nucleotides on tRNA that complements a codon on mRNA.

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DNA Replication

The process of creating an exact copy of DNA.

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Cell Cycle

A series of events that lead to cell growth and division.

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Mitosis

Division of the nucleus into two genetically identical daughter nuclei.

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Prophase

First phase of mitosis and meiosis; chromatin condenses into chromosomes.

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Metaphase

Phase of mitosis and meiosis where chromosomes align at the metaphase plate.

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Anaphase

Phase of mitosis and meiosis where sister chromatids separate.

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Telophase

Final phase of mitosis and meiosis; chromosomes decondense.

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G1 Phase

Phase of cell cycle where the cell grows and prepares to replicate DNA.

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S Phase

Phase of cell cycle where DNA is replicated.

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Study Notes

Cell Division and Protein Synthesis

  • Meiosis: A type of cell division that produces gametes (sex cells) with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. It results in four genetically different haploid cells.
  • Meiosis I: The first stage of meiosis, where a diploid cell (2n) becomes two haploid cells (n). This step includes prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I, generating genetic diversity.
  • Meiosis II: The second stage of meiosis. Chromosomal numbers remain haploid, resulting in four haploid cells from the two haploid cells. This stage also generates genetically different cells.
  • Gamete: A reproductive cell (sperm or egg) in animals or plants
  • Diploid Cell (2n): A cell containing two copies of each chromosome
  • Haploid Cell (n): A cell containing a single set of chromosomes.
  • DNA Bases: DNA has four types of nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C).
  • RNA Base: RNA has uracil (U) instead of thymine (T).
  • Codons: Three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that codes for an amino acid or a stop signal. For example AUG
  • Anticodons: Three-nucleotide sequence in tRNA that is complementary to a codon.
  • Transcription: The process of making RNA from DNA, which occurs in the nucleus.
  • Translation: The process of assembling a protein from RNA, that occurs at the ribosomes.
  • mRNA: Messenger RNA carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis.
  • tRNA: Transfer RNA brings amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.
  • Protein Synthesis Steps:
    • Transcription: DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus.
    • Translation: mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to ribosomes, where tRNA brings amino acids to build a polypeptide chain.

Cell Cycle

  • Cell Cycle Phases:
    • G1 Phase: Cell growth and preparation for DNA replication.
    • S Phase: DNA replication.
    • G2 Phase: Cell growth and preparation for cell division.
    • M Phase (Mitosis): Cell division (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase).
    • G0 Phase: Non-dividing state of a cell
  • Mitosis produces 2 daughter cells: Identical to each other, and to the original parent cell.
  • The stages of Mitosis in order: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
  • Cellular Division Reasons: Cell division allows for growth and repair in organisms

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Explore the intricate processes of meiosis and protein synthesis through this engaging quiz. Learn about the stages of meiosis, the difference between diploid and haploid cells, and the roles of DNA and RNA bases. Test your knowledge and discover the amazing mechanisms that contribute to genetic diversity and reproduction.

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