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Questions and Answers
Which of the following cell types would you expect to have the highest rate of mitosis?
Which of the following cell types would you expect to have the highest rate of mitosis?
- Nerve cells in the brain
- Skin cells (correct)
- Muscle cells
- Red blood cells
What is the primary function of apoptosis in multicellular organisms?
What is the primary function of apoptosis in multicellular organisms?
- To facilitate the transport of nutrients between cells
- To repair damaged DNA within cells
- To accelerate cell division during growth
- To eliminate cells that are no longer needed or are dysfunctional (correct)
If a cell's ability to undergo apoptosis is damaged, what is a potential consequence?
If a cell's ability to undergo apoptosis is damaged, what is a potential consequence?
- The cell may divide uncontrollably, leading to cancer (correct)
- The cell will differentiate into a more specialized type
- The cell will immediately stop dividing
- The cell will begin to repair itself
Which of the following best describes exponential growth, as it relates to cell division?
Which of the following best describes exponential growth, as it relates to cell division?
In a scenario where one cell out of a thousand begins dividing uncontrollably, what is the likely fate of the 999 normal cells?
In a scenario where one cell out of a thousand begins dividing uncontrollably, what is the likely fate of the 999 normal cells?
After 10 divisions, how many cancer cells would result from a single cell dividing uncontrollably?
After 10 divisions, how many cancer cells would result from a single cell dividing uncontrollably?
Which process would be most directly affected by a mutation that disrupts the cell's ability to recycle cellular material?
Which process would be most directly affected by a mutation that disrupts the cell's ability to recycle cellular material?
Considering the differences in mitosis rates, which cells would be MOST affected by chemotherapy, which targets rapidly dividing cells?
Considering the differences in mitosis rates, which cells would be MOST affected by chemotherapy, which targets rapidly dividing cells?
What is the primary difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor?
What is the primary difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor?
Based on the provided exponential growth data, what is the MOST likely reason that normal cells do not exhibit the same exponential growth as cancer cells?
Based on the provided exponential growth data, what is the MOST likely reason that normal cells do not exhibit the same exponential growth as cancer cells?
If melanoma cells metastasize to the liver, what type of cancer is it classified as, and why?
If melanoma cells metastasize to the liver, what type of cancer is it classified as, and why?
Which process enables cancer cells to spread to other parts of the body?
Which process enables cancer cells to spread to other parts of the body?
Why are tumors more likely to grow quickly in tissues where cells divide frequently?
Why are tumors more likely to grow quickly in tissues where cells divide frequently?
A patient is diagnosed with a tumor that has invaded surrounding tissues but has not yet spread to distant sites. Which characteristic BEST describes this tumor?
A patient is diagnosed with a tumor that has invaded surrounding tissues but has not yet spread to distant sites. Which characteristic BEST describes this tumor?
How does medical imaging aid in cancer detection?
How does medical imaging aid in cancer detection?
A researcher is studying the initial stages of cancerous growth. Based on the provided information, which factor is MOST critical in determining how quickly a tumor develops?
A researcher is studying the initial stages of cancerous growth. Based on the provided information, which factor is MOST critical in determining how quickly a tumor develops?
How do biopsies contribute to cervical cancer screening, according to the information provided?
How do biopsies contribute to cervical cancer screening, according to the information provided?
What is the primary purpose of cervical cancer screening programs that utilize Pap smears?
What is the primary purpose of cervical cancer screening programs that utilize Pap smears?
Based on the information, what can be inferred about the relationship between abnormal Pap smear results and cancer?
Based on the information, what can be inferred about the relationship between abnormal Pap smear results and cancer?
Which of the following factors are identified as potential causes of cell damage that can lead to cancer?
Which of the following factors are identified as potential causes of cell damage that can lead to cancer?
How does the example of colon cancer incidence in Japanese families who moved to the U.S. support the idea that environmental factors contribute to cancer risk?
How does the example of colon cancer incidence in Japanese families who moved to the U.S. support the idea that environmental factors contribute to cancer risk?
Considering the causes of cell damage that leads to cancer, which scenario reflects a combination of factors influencing cancer risk?
Considering the causes of cell damage that leads to cancer, which scenario reflects a combination of factors influencing cancer risk?
What conclusion can be drawn about cancer causes based on population-based studies?
What conclusion can be drawn about cancer causes based on population-based studies?
If a new population study reveals a significantly lower incidence of a specific cancer type compared to global averages, what initial steps should researchers undertake to investigate potential causes?
If a new population study reveals a significantly lower incidence of a specific cancer type compared to global averages, what initial steps should researchers undertake to investigate potential causes?
Flashcards
Mitosis
Mitosis
The process of cell division in body cells, for growth and repair.
Mitosis Rate
Mitosis Rate
The rate at which cells divide through mitosis, varying in different tissues.
Apoptosis
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death, eliminating unnecessary or dysfunctional cells.
Cancer
Cancer
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Exponential Growth
Exponential Growth
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Damaged Apoptosis and Cell Division
Damaged Apoptosis and Cell Division
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Normal cell homeostasis
Normal cell homeostasis
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Cancerous growth in normal tissue
Cancerous growth in normal tissue
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Exponential Growth (Cancer)
Exponential Growth (Cancer)
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Tumors
Tumors
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Invasion (Cancer)
Invasion (Cancer)
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Metastasis
Metastasis
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Benign Tumors
Benign Tumors
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Malignant Tumors
Malignant Tumors
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Metastatic Cancer
Metastatic Cancer
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Cancer Detection
Cancer Detection
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Pap Smear
Pap Smear
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Biopsy
Biopsy
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Infections and Cancer
Infections and Cancer
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Chemical exposure
Chemical exposure
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Radiation
Radiation
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Heredity
Heredity
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Diet
Diet
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Hormones
Hormones
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Study Notes
- SNC2D information about cells and cancer
Rate of Mitosis
- Different parts of an organism experience different rates of mitosis
- Human skin cells that brush off or intestinal cells broken down by digestion have high rates of mitosis
- Red blood cells may last for months
- Mitosis in an onion root tip
Apoptosis
- Apoptosis describes the regulated death of a cell that is no longer useful, such as white blood cells post-infection, or can no longer function.
- The material of the cell is recycled by the body
Cancer
- If a cell's ability to commit apoptosis is damaged, it divides uncontrollably, leading to cancer
- Cancerous growths are called tumours
- Tumours grow more quickly where cells divide frequently
Exponential Growth
- If 1 cell out of 1,000 starts dividing uncontrollably, the remaining 999 will die as often as they are replaced.
- Number of cancer cells after 10 divisions is 1024 compared to 999 normal cells
Invasion and Metastasis
- Cancer cells can invade surrounding tissues and blood vessels
- Blood vessels can transport cancer cells to other parts of the body, this process is called metastasis
- Cancer cells then grow at the new locations
Malignant vs Benign Tumors
- Benign tumor cells grow only locally and cannot spread by invasion or metastasis
- Malignant cells invade neighboring tissues, enter blood vessels, and metastasize to different sites
Why Cancer Is Dangerous
- Melanoma cells, a skin cancer, can travel through the circulatory system.
- Cancer that spreads to the liver from melanoma would be called metastatic melanoma and not liver cancer
Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
- Cancerous tumours can be detected by medical imaging (x-ray, ultrasound, and MRI scans).
- Earlier stages of cancer can be detected by screening cells
- Biopsies look at cells inside suspected tumours
Cancer Cell Differences
- Cancer cells have varying differences from normal including
- A large number of irregularly shaped dividing cells
- Large, variably shaped nuclei
- Small cytoplasmic volume relative to nuclei
- Variation in cell size and shape
- Loss of normal specialized cell features
- Disorganized arrangement of cells
- Poorly defined tumour boundary
Causes of Cancer
- Some causes of cell damage leading to cancer are viruses, bacteria, chemicals, radiation, heredity, diet, and hormones
Population Based Studies Incidence
- Population-based studies can determine possible causes by looking at the incidence in different populations
- An example is colon cancer, the higher incidence in Japanese families that have moved to the U.S. suggests that behavioral and/or environmental factors are what is changing the risk
- Another study showed that there is a relationship between female colon cancer incidence and daily meat consumption
- Another correlation exists between skin cancer incidence and amounts of annual sunshine (UV radiation)
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Description
Test your knowledge of cell division, apoptosis, and growth patterns. Questions cover cell types with high mitosis rates, apoptosis functions, and consequences of damaged apoptosis. Also includes exponential growth, uncontrolled division, and cancer cell division, as well as benign and malignant tumors.
