Cell Division and Genetic Variation
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following substances make up chromosomes and contribute to their structure?

  • Nucleic acids (correct)
  • Lipids
  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins (correct)

    • What is a primary mechanism by which genetic diversity is increased during meiosis?

  • Asexual reproduction
  • Binary fission
  • Mitosis
  • Crossing over (correct)

    • How do siblings inherit genes except for identical twins?

  • They have the same number of mutations.
  • They share the same alleles.
  • They receive the same genes from both parents.
  • They inherit random combinations of genes. (correct)

    • What distinguishes homologous chromosomes from sister chromatids?

    <p>Homologous chromosomes consist of one from each parent, while sister chromatids are identical. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cell cycle involves DNA synthesis?

    <p>S phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor?

    <p>Benign tumors do not invade surrounding tissue, while malignant tumors do. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process describes the separation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis?

    <p>Anaphase I (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes somatic cells compared to gametes?

    <p>Somatic cells have two sets of chromosomes, while gametes have one. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Chromosomes

    Structures made of DNA and proteins that carry genetic information.

    Mitosis vs Meiosis

    Mitosis produces identical cells; meiosis produces diverse gametes.

    Genetic Diversity Mechanisms

    Includes independent assortment, crossing over, and random fertilization.

    Somatic cells vs Gametes

    Somatic cells are body cells (2n); gametes are sex cells (1n).

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    Cancer cells characteristics

    Cancer cells can grow uncontrollably, form tumors, and metastasize.

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    Nondisjunction

    Failure of chromosomes to separate properly during cell division, leading to abnormalities.

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    Autosomes vs Sex Chromosomes

    Autosomes are non-sex chromosomes; sex chromosomes determine gender (X/Y).

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    Phases of the Cell Cycle

    Includes interphase (G1, S, G2) and mitotic phase (M); essential for cell division.

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    Study Notes

    Cell Division

    • Mitosis is cell division producing identical daughter cells.
      • Used in asexual reproduction to create identical copies.
      • Also used in sexual reproduction to form cells that undergo meiosis.
    • Meiosis is cell division that creates gametes (sex cells)
      • Generates genetic diversity in offspring.
      • Reduces chromosome number by half.
    • Asexual reproduction involves one parent.
      • Creates offspring that are genetically identical to the parent.
    • Sexual reproduction involves two parents.
      • Combines genetic material from both parents (egg + sperm).
      • Produces unique offspring, with traits from both parents.

    Genetic Variation

    • Mechanisms increasing genetic diversity include:
      • Independent assortment of chromosomes.
      • Crossing over (exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes).
      • Random fertilization (any sperm can fertilize any egg).
    • Siblings share similar characteristics due to random genetic inheritance and different combinations.

    Chromosomes and Genes

    • Chromosomes are tightly packed DNA and proteins.
    • Homologous chromosomes are chromosome pairs (one maternal, one paternal).
    • Autosomes are non-sex chromosomes (22 pairs in humans).
    • Sex chromosomes determine sex (XX=female, XY=male).
    • Genes are segments of DNA that code for traits.
    • Chromosomes contain the genes that determine physical characteristics

    Cell Cycle and Mitosis

    • Interphase is the growth and DNA replication stage.
    • Mitosis (division) is in four phases:
      • Prophase: chromosomes condense.
      • Metaphase: chromosomes align in the middle.
      • Anaphase: chromosomes separate.
      • Telophase: the cell divides.
    • Cytokinesis is the division of cytoplasm.

    Meiosis

    • Meiosis I and II are two consecutive divisions.
    • Meiosis I reduces chromosome number.
    • Includes Prophase I (homologous chromosome pairing/crossing over), Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I.
    • Meiosis II splits identical sister chromatids to make four genetically unique haploid gametes.
      • Includes Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II.

    Cell Types

    • Somatic cells are non-sex cells, diploid (2n).
    • Gametes are sex cells, haploid (1n).

    Cancer Cells

    • Cancer cells lack control of cell growth processes.

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    Related Documents

    Cell Division Study Guide PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the concepts of cell division, including mitosis and meiosis, as well as the mechanisms that contribute to genetic variation. Understand the differences between asexual and sexual reproduction, and learn how genetic diversity is generated among offspring. Perfect for students studying biology at various levels.

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