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Questions and Answers
What is the basic characteristic of all living things related to reproduction?
What is the basic characteristic of all living things related to reproduction?
- Ability to reproduce with genetic variation
- Ability to reproduce sexually
- Ability to reproduce in kind (correct)
- Ability to reproduce asexually
Which process involves the formation of haploid cells through nuclear division?
Which process involves the formation of haploid cells through nuclear division?
- Transcription
- Meiosis (correct)
- Translation
- Mitosis
What determines the protein that will form based on the genetic code stored within DNA?
What determines the protein that will form based on the genetic code stored within DNA?
- Mutations
- Replication
- Transcription
- Translation (correct)
Which organelle is responsible for the process of translation?
Which organelle is responsible for the process of translation?
What is the correct order of the stages of cell cycle, including the steps of cell division in somatic cells?
What is the correct order of the stages of cell cycle, including the steps of cell division in somatic cells?
Which of the following best describes the process of gametogenesis?
Which of the following best describes the process of gametogenesis?
What is the primary function of ribosomes in a cell?
What is the primary function of ribosomes in a cell?
In what way does the genetic code stored within DNA determine protein formation?
In what way does the genetic code stored within DNA determine protein formation?
What accurately represents a basic characteristic of all living things related to reproduction?
What accurately represents a basic characteristic of all living things related to reproduction?
What is the correct order of stages in the cell cycle, including steps of cell division in somatic cells?
What is the correct order of stages in the cell cycle, including steps of cell division in somatic cells?
What is the function of the anticodon on a tRNA molecule?
What is the function of the anticodon on a tRNA molecule?
What is the role of the start codon 'AUG' in translation?
What is the role of the start codon 'AUG' in translation?
What is the reading frame for translation set by?
What is the reading frame for translation set by?
How many possible combinations of nucleotides exist in the genetic code?
How many possible combinations of nucleotides exist in the genetic code?
What is the function of stop codons in protein synthesis?
What is the function of stop codons in protein synthesis?
What does a tRNA molecule do after it releases the mRNA strand during translation?
What does a tRNA molecule do after it releases the mRNA strand during translation?
What is the primary difference between RNA and DNA?
What is the primary difference between RNA and DNA?
What are the components of ribosomes?
What are the components of ribosomes?
What is the function of transfer RNA (tRNA) in translation?
What is the function of transfer RNA (tRNA) in translation?
What type of RNA composes the structure of ribosomes?
What type of RNA composes the structure of ribosomes?
What is the process that removes non-coding sequences from pre-mRNA?
What is the process that removes non-coding sequences from pre-mRNA?
During DNA replication, what is the role of DNA polymerase?
During DNA replication, what is the role of DNA polymerase?
What is the term used to describe the mode of replication in which each new DNA molecule contains one pre-existing strand and one newly synthesized strand?
What is the term used to describe the mode of replication in which each new DNA molecule contains one pre-existing strand and one newly synthesized strand?
What is the role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?
What is the role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?
What happens if a mistake made during DNA replication is not corrected?
What happens if a mistake made during DNA replication is not corrected?
What provides the code necessary to construct a particular protein?
What provides the code necessary to construct a particular protein?
What is the function of helicase during DNA replication?
What is the function of helicase during DNA replication?
What is the process that forms haploid cells, also known as meiosis?
What is the process that forms haploid cells, also known as meiosis?
What is the primary function of ribosomes in a cell?
What is the primary function of ribosomes in a cell?
Which of the following best describes the genetic code stored within DNA?
Which of the following best describes the genetic code stored within DNA?
What accurately represents a basic characteristic of all living things related to reproduction?
What accurately represents a basic characteristic of all living things related to reproduction?
What is the correct order of stages in the cell cycle, including steps of cell division in somatic cells?
What is the correct order of stages in the cell cycle, including steps of cell division in somatic cells?
What accurately describes the ability to reproduce in kind as a basic characteristic of all living things?
What accurately describes the ability to reproduce in kind as a basic characteristic of all living things?
What is the process by which RNA is synthesized from DNA?
What is the process by which RNA is synthesized from DNA?
Which type of cell division introduces genetic variation in offspring, contributing to evolutionary success?
Which type of cell division introduces genetic variation in offspring, contributing to evolutionary success?
What is the thread-like structure composed of DNA and histone proteins called?
What is the thread-like structure composed of DNA and histone proteins called?
Which organelle is responsible for manufacturing RNA for ribosome construction?
Which organelle is responsible for manufacturing RNA for ribosome construction?
What is the primary method of production of new organisms through the fusion of haploid cells from two parents?
What is the primary method of production of new organisms through the fusion of haploid cells from two parents?
What is the double-stranded molecule made up of sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous bases called?
What is the double-stranded molecule made up of sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous bases called?
What is the term used to describe the mode of replication in which each new DNA molecule contains one pre-existing strand and one newly synthesized strand?
What is the term used to describe the mode of replication in which each new DNA molecule contains one pre-existing strand and one newly synthesized strand?
What is the function of stop codons in protein synthesis?
What is the function of stop codons in protein synthesis?
What happens if a mistake made during DNA replication is not corrected?
What happens if a mistake made during DNA replication is not corrected?
Which organelle is responsible for manufacturing RNA for ribosome construction?
Which organelle is responsible for manufacturing RNA for ribosome construction?
What accurately represents a basic characteristic of all living things related to reproduction?
What accurately represents a basic characteristic of all living things related to reproduction?
What provides the code necessary to construct a particular protein?
What provides the code necessary to construct a particular protein?
What is the primary function of DNA polymerase during DNA replication?
What is the primary function of DNA polymerase during DNA replication?
What is the role of helicase in DNA replication?
What is the role of helicase in DNA replication?
What is the function of mRNA in protein synthesis?
What is the function of mRNA in protein synthesis?
What provides the genetic information to build a protein?
What provides the genetic information to build a protein?
What is the process by which RNA is synthesized from DNA?
What is the process by which RNA is synthesized from DNA?
What accurately describes the role of proteins in a cell?
What accurately describes the role of proteins in a cell?
What is the primary function of transfer RNA (tRNA) in translation?
What is the primary function of transfer RNA (tRNA) in translation?
What is the role of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in protein synthesis?
What is the role of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in protein synthesis?
What is the function of a promoter sequence in translation?
What is the function of a promoter sequence in translation?
What is a key difference between RNA and DNA?
What is a key difference between RNA and DNA?
What is the process by which a gene on the DNA molecule is transcribed into a complementary mRNA molecule?
What is the process by which a gene on the DNA molecule is transcribed into a complementary mRNA molecule?
What is the primary function of ribosomes in a cell?
What is the primary function of ribosomes in a cell?
What is the term used to describe the mode of replication in which each new DNA molecule contains one pre-existing strand and one newly synthesized strand?
What is the term used to describe the mode of replication in which each new DNA molecule contains one pre-existing strand and one newly synthesized strand?
What is the primary difference between RNA and DNA?
What is the primary difference between RNA and DNA?
What provides the code necessary to construct a particular protein?
What provides the code necessary to construct a particular protein?
What is the process by which RNA is synthesized from DNA?
What is the process by which RNA is synthesized from DNA?
What accurately describes the ability to reproduce in kind as a basic characteristic of all living things?
What accurately describes the ability to reproduce in kind as a basic characteristic of all living things?
What is the role of the start codon 'AUG' in translation?
What is the role of the start codon 'AUG' in translation?
What triggers the initiation stage of transcription?
What triggers the initiation stage of transcription?
What is the function of stop codons in protein synthesis?
What is the function of stop codons in protein synthesis?
What is the primary function of transfer RNA (tRNA) in translation?
What is the primary function of transfer RNA (tRNA) in translation?
What is the genetic code's relationship between a nucleotide codon and its corresponding amino acid?
What is the genetic code's relationship between a nucleotide codon and its corresponding amino acid?
What occurs during elongation in transcription?
What occurs during elongation in transcription?
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Study Notes
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Sexual reproduction is a method of production of new organisms through the fusion of haploid cells from two parents, resulting in a diploid cell.
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Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces haploid cells, which are essential for sexual reproduction.
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Most multicellular organisms, and many single-celled organisms, use sexual reproduction.
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Nucleus is an organelle surrounded by a membrane called the nuclear envelope, which is composed of two lipid bilayers and contains nuclear pores.
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The nucleus contains threads of chromatin, which is made up of DNA and histone proteins. Chromatin condenses into chromosomes during cell division.
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Humans have approximately 22,000 genes distributed on 46 chromosomes.
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DNA is a double-stranded molecule made up of sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous bases. Adenine always pairs with thymine, and cytosine always pairs with guanine.
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Replication of DNA occurs before cell division and is accomplished through the separation of the two complementary strands.
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Transcription is the process by which RNA is synthesized from DNA, while translation is the process by which RNA is used to synthesize proteins.
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Meiosis introduces variation in offspring through genetics, resulting in evolutionary success.
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Mitosis and meiosis are the two main types of cell division.
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Organisms require cell division to grow, develop, and maintain their health.
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Some cells, such as nerve cells, skeletal muscle fibers, and cardiac muscle cells, do not divide.
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The frequency of cell division varies between different cell types.
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Epithelial cells divide frequently to replace cells lost to friction.
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DNA is the genetic material that carries instructions for the development, function, and reproduction of all living organisms.
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Chromosomes are condensed forms of chromatin that contain genetic information.
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Chromatin is a thread-like structure composed of DNA and histone proteins.
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The nucleolus is a dark-staining mass in the nucleus responsible for manufacturing RNA for ribosome construction.
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Nuclear pores in the nuclear envelope are passageways for the exchange of proteins, RNA, and solutes between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
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Pore complexes regulate the passage of materials through the nuclear pores.
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Nucleoplasm is a gel-like substance within the nuclear envelope.
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Ribosomes are assembled from RNA made in the nucleus and transported to the cytoplasm through the nuclear pores.
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tRNA (transfer RNA) is a molecule that plays a crucial role in protein synthesis
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Each tRNA has a specific binding site for a particular amino acid and an anticodon that complements the codon specifying its amino acid
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tRNA brings the corresponding amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain by matching its anticodon with the mRNA codon
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Translation of mRNA into protein occurs in three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination
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Initiation begins with the binding of a ribosome to the mRNA transcript and the formation of the initiation complex
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Elongation involves the recognition of a tRNA anticodon by the next mRNA codon and the attachment of the growing polypeptide strand to the next amino acid
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Termination occurs when the ribosome encounters the final codon on the mRNA and releases the completed protein
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Protein synthesis involves decoding the mRNA template into a protein product using a ribosome and tRNA molecules
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The genetic code is a relationship between a nucleotide codon and its corresponding amino acid
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The genetic code consists of 64 possible combinations of three-nucleotide sequences, allowing for multiple codons to encode the same amino acid
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Three codons terminate protein synthesis and release the polypeptide from the translation machinery, while the codon AUG serves as both the amino acid methionine and the start codon to initiate translation.
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The genetic code is universal and is used by most, if not all, species for protein synthesis, providing evidence of a common ancestry for all life on Earth.
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