Cell Division and DNA Biology: Part 1 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the basic characteristic of all living things related to reproduction?

  • Ability to reproduce with genetic variation
  • Ability to reproduce sexually
  • Ability to reproduce in kind (correct)
  • Ability to reproduce asexually

    • Which process involves the formation of haploid cells through nuclear division?

  • Transcription
  • Meiosis (correct)
  • Translation
  • Mitosis

    • What determines the protein that will form based on the genetic code stored within DNA?

  • Mutations
  • Replication
  • Transcription
  • Translation (correct)

    • Which organelle is responsible for the process of translation?

    <p>Ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of the stages of cell cycle, including the steps of cell division in somatic cells?

    <p>$G_1, S, G_2, mitosis, cytokinesis$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the process of gametogenesis?

    <p>The process by which haploid cells are formed through nuclear division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ribosomes in a cell?

    <p>Facilitating the process of translation to synthesize proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does the genetic code stored within DNA determine protein formation?

    <p>Through the process of transcription and translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What accurately represents a basic characteristic of all living things related to reproduction?

    <p>&quot;The ability to reproduce in kind,&quot; meaning offspring closely resembles its parent or parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of stages in the cell cycle, including steps of cell division in somatic cells?

    <p>&quot;G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase, mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase), cytokinesis&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the anticodon on a tRNA molecule?

    <p>It matches the codon specifying its particular amino acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the start codon 'AUG' in translation?

    <p>It initiates translation and specifies the amino acid methionine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reading frame for translation set by?

    <p>The AUG start codon near the 5' end of the mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many possible combinations of nucleotides exist in the genetic code?

    <p>$64$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of stop codons in protein synthesis?

    <p>They terminate protein synthesis and release the polypeptide from the translation machinery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a tRNA molecule do after it releases the mRNA strand during translation?

    <p>The mRNA strand shifts one codon over in the ribosome, and the next appropriate tRNA arrives with its matching anticodon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between RNA and DNA?

    <p>RNA contains uracil instead of thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of ribosomes?

    <p>Small subunit and large subunit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of transfer RNA (tRNA) in translation?

    <p>Transport correct amino acid to the ribosome and attach it to the growing polypeptide chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of RNA composes the structure of ribosomes?

    <p>Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that removes non-coding sequences from pre-mRNA?

    <p>Splicing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, what is the role of DNA polymerase?

    <p>It brings in the correct bases to complement the template strand and synthesizes a new strand base by base.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the mode of replication in which each new DNA molecule contains one pre-existing strand and one newly synthesized strand?

    <p>Semiconservative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Carries a copy of the genetic code for a single gene out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm where it is used to produce proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if a mistake made during DNA replication is not corrected?

    <p>It can result in a mutation, which is a permanent change in the DNA sequence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides the code necessary to construct a particular protein?

    <p>Gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of helicase during DNA replication?

    <p>Untwists and separates permanently the two strands of DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that forms haploid cells, also known as meiosis?

    <p>Gametogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ribosomes in a cell?

    <p>Assisting in translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the genetic code stored within DNA?

    <p>Encodes information for protein formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What accurately represents a basic characteristic of all living things related to reproduction?

    <p>Offspring closely resembles its parent or parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of stages in the cell cycle, including steps of cell division in somatic cells?

    <p>Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What accurately describes the ability to reproduce in kind as a basic characteristic of all living things?

    <p>The offspring closely resembles its parent or parents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which RNA is synthesized from DNA?

    <p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell division introduces genetic variation in offspring, contributing to evolutionary success?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the thread-like structure composed of DNA and histone proteins called?

    <p>Chromatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for manufacturing RNA for ribosome construction?

    <p>Nucleolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of production of new organisms through the fusion of haploid cells from two parents?

    <p>Sexual reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the double-stranded molecule made up of sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous bases called?

    <p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the mode of replication in which each new DNA molecule contains one pre-existing strand and one newly synthesized strand?

    <p>Semi-conservative replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of stop codons in protein synthesis?

    <p>Terminate protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if a mistake made during DNA replication is not corrected?

    <p>Formation of a mutated protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for manufacturing RNA for ribosome construction?

    <p>Nucleolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What accurately represents a basic characteristic of all living things related to reproduction?

    <p>Production of identical offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides the code necessary to construct a particular protein?

    <p>mRNA molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA polymerase during DNA replication?

    <p>Acting as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of helicase in DNA replication?

    <p>Separating the two strands of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of mRNA in protein synthesis?

    <p>Carrying the genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides the genetic information to build a protein?

    <p>$DNA$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which RNA is synthesized from DNA?

    <p>$Transcription$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What accurately describes the role of proteins in a cell?

    <p>Contributing to the cell's structure and functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of transfer RNA (tRNA) in translation?

    <p>To transport the correct amino acid to the ribosome and attach it to the growing polypeptide chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>Composes the structure of the ribosome along with proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a promoter sequence in translation?

    <p>Triggers the initiation stage of transcription by binding RNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between RNA and DNA?

    <p>RNA contains uracil instead of thymine as one of its bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which a gene on the DNA molecule is transcribed into a complementary mRNA molecule?

    <p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ribosomes in a cell?

    <p>To provide a platform for translation by aligning mRNA with tRNA and synthesizing proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the mode of replication in which each new DNA molecule contains one pre-existing strand and one newly synthesized strand?

    <p>Semi-conservative replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between RNA and DNA?

    <p>RNA is single-stranded, while DNA is double-stranded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides the code necessary to construct a particular protein?

    <p>Messenger RNA (mRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which RNA is synthesized from DNA?

    <p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What accurately describes the ability to reproduce in kind as a basic characteristic of all living things?

    <p>The ability to reproduce in kind involves producing genetically identical offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the start codon 'AUG' in translation?

    <p>It serves as both the amino acid methionine and the start codon to initiate translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the initiation stage of transcription?

    <p>The formation of the initiation complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of stop codons in protein synthesis?

    <p>They signal the ribosome to release the completed protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of transfer RNA (tRNA) in translation?

    <p>To bring the corresponding amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain by matching its anticodon with the mRNA codon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic code's relationship between a nucleotide codon and its corresponding amino acid?

    <p>It consists of 64 possible combinations of three-nucleotide sequences, allowing for multiple codons to encode the same amino acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during elongation in transcription?

    <p>The recognition of a tRNA anticodon by the next mRNA codon and attachment of the growing polypeptide strand to the next amino acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Sexual reproduction is a method of production of new organisms through the fusion of haploid cells from two parents, resulting in a diploid cell.

    • Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces haploid cells, which are essential for sexual reproduction.

    • Most multicellular organisms, and many single-celled organisms, use sexual reproduction.

    • Nucleus is an organelle surrounded by a membrane called the nuclear envelope, which is composed of two lipid bilayers and contains nuclear pores.

    • The nucleus contains threads of chromatin, which is made up of DNA and histone proteins. Chromatin condenses into chromosomes during cell division.

    • Humans have approximately 22,000 genes distributed on 46 chromosomes.

    • DNA is a double-stranded molecule made up of sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous bases. Adenine always pairs with thymine, and cytosine always pairs with guanine.

    • Replication of DNA occurs before cell division and is accomplished through the separation of the two complementary strands.

    • Transcription is the process by which RNA is synthesized from DNA, while translation is the process by which RNA is used to synthesize proteins.

    • Meiosis introduces variation in offspring through genetics, resulting in evolutionary success.

    • Mitosis and meiosis are the two main types of cell division.

    • Organisms require cell division to grow, develop, and maintain their health.

    • Some cells, such as nerve cells, skeletal muscle fibers, and cardiac muscle cells, do not divide.

    • The frequency of cell division varies between different cell types.

    • Epithelial cells divide frequently to replace cells lost to friction.

    • DNA is the genetic material that carries instructions for the development, function, and reproduction of all living organisms.

    • Chromosomes are condensed forms of chromatin that contain genetic information.

    • Chromatin is a thread-like structure composed of DNA and histone proteins.

    • The nucleolus is a dark-staining mass in the nucleus responsible for manufacturing RNA for ribosome construction.

    • Nuclear pores in the nuclear envelope are passageways for the exchange of proteins, RNA, and solutes between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

    • Pore complexes regulate the passage of materials through the nuclear pores.

    • Nucleoplasm is a gel-like substance within the nuclear envelope.

    • Ribosomes are assembled from RNA made in the nucleus and transported to the cytoplasm through the nuclear pores.

    • tRNA (transfer RNA) is a molecule that plays a crucial role in protein synthesis

    • Each tRNA has a specific binding site for a particular amino acid and an anticodon that complements the codon specifying its amino acid

    • tRNA brings the corresponding amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain by matching its anticodon with the mRNA codon

    • Translation of mRNA into protein occurs in three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination

    • Initiation begins with the binding of a ribosome to the mRNA transcript and the formation of the initiation complex

    • Elongation involves the recognition of a tRNA anticodon by the next mRNA codon and the attachment of the growing polypeptide strand to the next amino acid

    • Termination occurs when the ribosome encounters the final codon on the mRNA and releases the completed protein

    • Protein synthesis involves decoding the mRNA template into a protein product using a ribosome and tRNA molecules

    • The genetic code is a relationship between a nucleotide codon and its corresponding amino acid

    • The genetic code consists of 64 possible combinations of three-nucleotide sequences, allowing for multiple codons to encode the same amino acid

    • Three codons terminate protein synthesis and release the polypeptide from the translation machinery, while the codon AUG serves as both the amino acid methionine and the start codon to initiate translation.

    • The genetic code is universal and is used by most, if not all, species for protein synthesis, providing evidence of a common ancestry for all life on Earth.

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