Cell Division and Cycle Quiz
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Questions and Answers

During which phase of the cell cycle does the cell primarily grow and perform its normal functions?

  • Mitosis
  • Prophase
  • Interphase (correct)
  • Metaphase

    • Which of the following is a key event that occurs during anaphase in mitosis?

  • Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles (correct)
  • Nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes
  • Chromosomes condense and become visible
  • Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate

    • At what stage of mitosis does the nuclear envelope begin to break down?

  • Telophase
  • Anaphase
  • Prophase (correct)
  • Metaphase

    • What is the correct order of the stages of mitosis?

    <p>Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During telophase, what is the primary event?

    <p>Formation of new nuclear envelopes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phase of the cell cycle where DNA replication occurs?

    <p>S phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of mitosis is characterized by chromosomes aligning at the cell's equator?

    <p>Metaphase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure organizes the spindle fibers during cell division in animal cells?

    <p>Centriole (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the longest phase of the cell cycle?

    <p>Interphase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of mitosis involves the separation of sister chromatids?

    <p>Anaphase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of mitosis in terms of chromosome number?

    <p>Two diploid cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase of mitosis does the nuclear envelope re-form around separated chromosomes?

    <p>Telophase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the physical division of the cytoplasm at the end of the cell cycle?

    <p>Cytokinesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of meiosis involves crossing over of homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Prophase I (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between mitosis and meiosis?

    <p>Mitosis produces genetically identical cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Mitosis

    The process of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

    Interphase

    The stage in the cell cycle where the cell grows, copies its DNA, and prepares for division. It is divided into three subphases: G1, S, and G2.

    Prophase

    The first stage of mitosis, where the replicated chromosomes condense and become visible.

    Metaphase

    The stage in mitosis where the replicated chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell, ready to be separated.

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    Anaphase

    The stage in mitosis where the sister chromatids of each chromosome are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.

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    S phase (Synthesis phase)

    The phase of the cell cycle where DNA replication occurs.

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    Metaphase

    The phase of mitosis where chromosomes align at the cell's equator. Hint: "Meta" means middle.

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    Centriole

    A structure that organizes spindle fibers during cell division in animal cells.

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    Anaphase

    The phase of mitosis where sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles.

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    Interphase

    The longest phase of the cell cycle, where the cell grows, replicates DNA, and prepares for division. Hint: It’s the "in-between" phase before division.

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    Diploid Cells

    Cells with two sets of chromosomes, produced after mitosis.

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    Telophase

    The phase of mitosis where the nuclear envelope re-forms around separated chromosomes.

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    Cytokinesis

    The physical division of the cytoplasm, resulting in two separate daughter cells.

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    Prophase I

    The phase of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair up and crossing over occurs.

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    Mitosis vs. Meiosis

    Mitosis produces genetically identical cells, while meiosis creates genetically diverse cells.

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    Study Notes

    Cell Division

    • Cell division is the process by which a cell divides into two or more daughter cells.
    • Learning Outcomes: Students will be able to identify the stages of mitosis and meiosis, describe the stages of each process, and differentiate between mitosis and meiosis.

    Cell Cycle

    • Eukaryotic cell cycle is like prokaryotic cell cycle in that cells grow, DNA replicates, mitotic cell division produces daughter cells identical to the parent, and timing of replication and cell division is regulated.
    • Two major phases: Interphase and Mitosis.
    • Interphase consists of three stages: G₁, S, and G₂.
    • Mitosis consists of four stages: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase followed by cytokinesis.

    Interphase

    • Non-dividing state with three sub-stages:
      • Gap 1 (G₁): cell grows in size, organelles replicated, synthesis of DNA and proteins associated with DNA.
      • Synthesis (S): DNA replication.
      • Gap 2 (G₂): synthesis of proteins associated with mitosis.

    Mitosis

    • Division of somatic (non-reproductive) cells in eukaryotic organisms.
    • A single cell divides into two identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
    • Crucial for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.

    Packing for the Move...

    • When a cell isn't dividing, DNA is in an extended, uncondensed form called chromatin.
    • DNA replication and transcription occur in this state.
    • When preparing for division, DNA condenses into chromosomes.
    • This makes it easier to sort and organize replicated DNA into daughter cells.

    Mitosis Sub-phases

    • Prophase: Chromosomes condense, spindle fibers form, and chromosomes are captured by the spindle. The nuclear envelope breaks down.
    • Metaphase: Chromosomes align along the equator of the cell with one kinetochore facing each pole.
    • Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate, spindle fibers shorten pulling chromatids toward the poles, and free spindle fibers lengthen pushing the poles apart.
    • Telophase: Spindle fibers disintegrate, nuclear envelopes form around both groups of chromosomes, chromosomes revert to their extended state, and cytokinesis occurs, enclosing each daughter nucleus into a separate cell.

    Cytokinesis - Plant vs. Animal Cell

    • Plant cells: Cytokinesis occurs by forming a cell plate between the two daughter nuclei.
    • Animal cells: Cytokinesis occurs through the formation of a cleavage furrow—a ring of microtubules contract, pinching the cell in half.

    Germ Cells vs. Somatic Cells

    • Germ cells are reproductive cells (like sperm and egg cells)
    • Somatic cells are all other body cells

    Meiosis

    • Cell division of gametes (germ cells).
    • A single germ cell divides into four unique daughter cells.
    • Daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell, making them haploid.

    Genetics Terminology: Ploidy

    • Haploid (n): one copy of each chromosome
    • Diploid (2n): two sets of chromosomes

    Genetics Terminology: Homologues

    • Chromosomes exist in homologous pairs in diploid cells.
    • Homologues are chromosomes that contain the same genes in the same order.
    • Sex chromosomes (X and Y) are an exception, not a homologous pair.

    Meiosis I

    • Prophase I: Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down, crossing over occurs.
    • Metaphase I: Homologous chromosomes align along the equator.
    • Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles.
    • Telophase I & cytokinesis: Chromosomes gather at poles, cytoplasm divides.

    Crossing Over

    • Homologous chromosomes break at identical locations and rejoin opposite partners.
    • Creates new combinations of alleles on each chromosome.
    • Occurs randomly several times on every chromosome.
    • Gene mixing from parents.

    Meiosis II

    • Prophase II: A new spindle forms around the chromosomes.
    • Metaphase II: Metaphase II chromosomes line up at the equator.
    • Anaphase II: Centromeres divide, chromatids move to opposite poles.
    • Telophase II & cytokinesis: Nuclear envelope forms, cytoplasm divides, resulting in four haploid daughter cells.

    Mitosis and Meiosis Venn Diagram

    • Similarities: Both involve DNA replication, same basic steps, occur in plants and animals, and start with diploid parent cells.
    • Differences: Mitosis produces two diploid cells genetically identical, while Meiosis produces four haploid cells genetically different. Mitosis is for cell growth and repair, Meiosis for the creation of germ cells.

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    Cell Division PDF

    Description

    Test your understanding of cell division and the cell cycle, covering key concepts such as stages of mitosis and meiosis, as well as the phases of interphase. This quiz will help assess your knowledge of cellular processes essential for growth and reproduction.

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