Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the role of KRAS in normal cell growth?
What is the role of KRAS in normal cell growth?
- It inhibits external growth signals to the cell nucleus
- It transmits external growth signals to the cell nucleus (correct)
- It regulates cell division
- It causes apoptosis
What is the result of the chromosome translocation between the long arms of chromosomes 9 and 22?
What is the result of the chromosome translocation between the long arms of chromosomes 9 and 22?
- Activation of a variety of intracellular signaling pathways (correct)
- Deletion of a chromosome
- Inhibition of cell growth
- Formation of a tumor-suppressor gene
What is the effect of activating the Ras oncogene?
What is the effect of activating the Ras oncogene?
- Apoptosis
- Uncontrolled cell proliferation (correct)
- Regulation of cell division
- Inhibition of cell growth
What is the role of the tumor-suppressor gene p53?
What is the role of the tumor-suppressor gene p53?
What is the result of losing the tumor-suppressor gene APC?
What is the result of losing the tumor-suppressor gene APC?
What is the characteristic of CML cells?
What is the characteristic of CML cells?
What is the effect of ultraviolet radiation on cells?
What is the effect of ultraviolet radiation on cells?
What is the Philadelphia chromosome?
What is the Philadelphia chromosome?
What is the main function of oncogenes in a normal cell?
What is the main function of oncogenes in a normal cell?
What is the effect of activating an oncogene?
What is the effect of activating an oncogene?
What is the role of tumor suppressor genes?
What is the role of tumor suppressor genes?
What is the result of inactivating a tumor suppressor gene?
What is the result of inactivating a tumor suppressor gene?
What is the name of the catalogue that provides information on somatic mutations found in cancer genes in human tumors?
What is the name of the catalogue that provides information on somatic mutations found in cancer genes in human tumors?
How many somatic 'cancer genes' have been identified to date?
How many somatic 'cancer genes' have been identified to date?
What is the name of the gene that acts as a switch within signal transduction pathways, including the regulation of cell division?
What is the name of the gene that acts as a switch within signal transduction pathways, including the regulation of cell division?
What is the result of losing/damaging DNA repair genes?
What is the result of losing/damaging DNA repair genes?
What is the outcome when a receptor protein receives a signal for cell division?
What is the outcome when a receptor protein receives a signal for cell division?
What is a result of certain mutations in the ras sequence?
What is a result of certain mutations in the ras sequence?
What is the normal function of tumor suppressor genes?
What is the normal function of tumor suppressor genes?
What type of mutations are commonly found in tumor suppressor genes?
What type of mutations are commonly found in tumor suppressor genes?
What is the role of the BRCA1 gene?
What is the role of the BRCA1 gene?
What is a characteristic of immortalized cancer cells?
What is a characteristic of immortalized cancer cells?
What is required for tumor growth and survival?
What is required for tumor growth and survival?
What is the process by which cancer cells travel to other parts of the body?
What is the process by which cancer cells travel to other parts of the body?
Study Notes
Cell Signaling and Cancer
- Receptor proteins receive signals for cell division, activating ras, which leads to gene activation and cell division.
- Mutations in ras cause permanent activation, leading to constitutive activation of the cell cycle.
Tumor Suppressor Genes
- Over 30 genes are classified as tumor suppressors, involved in DNA repair, apoptosis, and preventing abnormal cell division.
- Loss-of-function mutations in tumor suppressor genes contribute to cancer progression.
- Examples include BRCA1, which is involved in DNA repair, and inherited mutations increase the risk of breast cancer.
Characteristics of Cancer Cells
- Cancer cells are resistant to apoptosis and have uncontrolled ability to divide.
- They are insensitive to antigrowth factors and can invade neighboring tissues.
- They can form new tumors (metastases) at distant sites and secrete chemical signals for angiogenesis.
Tumorigenesis
- Genetic changes in tumorigenesis involve gain of function (oncogenes) and loss of function (tumor suppressor genes).
- Non-lethal genetic damage is central to carcinogenesis.
Cancer Genes
- There are two types of cancer genes: tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes.
- Approximately 400 somatic "cancer genes" have been identified, with many more to be discovered.
Oncogenes
- Oncogenes are genes that promote cell growth and division in a controlled manner.
- Examples include ras, which acts as a switch in signal transduction pathways, regulating cell division.
External Causes of Cancer
- Ultraviolet radiation and tobacco smoke and diet are external causes of cancer.
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
- CML is a cancer of white blood cells, characterized by a consistent chromosome translocation (t(9:22)(q34;q11)) known as the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph+).
- This mutation leads to unregulated expression of a gene and its kinase product, causing activation of intracellular signaling pathways and uncontrolled proliferation of CML cells.
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Description
Learn about the role of receptor proteins, ras, and tumor suppressor genes in cell division and their impact on cancer development.
