Cell Biology Paper 1
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Questions and Answers

Which cell structure is unique to plant cells and not present in animal cells?

  • Cell wall (correct)
  • Plasma membrane
  • Chloroplasts
  • Cytoskeleton

    • What is the primary function of chloroplasts in plant cells?

  • Perform cellular respiration
  • Regulate transport across the cell membrane
  • Use light to create food (glucose) (correct)
  • Contain waste materials

    • Which process is common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

  • Cellular respiration
  • Transcription of DNA into RNA (correct)
  • Translation of RNA into proteins
  • Cell wall formation

    • What is a key characteristic that distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Presence of a membrane-bound nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is cellular diversity important in building complex organisms like the human body?

    <p>To allow for better adaptation of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is exclusive to eukaryotic cells and plays a crucial role in generating energy?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of pili and flagella structures in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Allow for movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of microtubules in the cytoskeleton?

    <p>They consist of dimers of α- and γ-Tubulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do Microtubule Organizing Centres (MTOCs) play in cells?

    <p>Replicate to form two distinct MTOCs before cell division starts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the proteins forming the cytoskeleton resemble LEGO pieces?

    <p>They assemble into a wide range of structures by fitting together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the dynamic nature of the cytoskeleton essential for its functions?

    <p>For polymers and regulatory proteins to be constantly in flux</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of microtubules is primarily involved in connecting sister chromatids to the spindle apparatus during cell division?

    <p>Kinetochore Microtubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what aspect are microfilaments different from microtubules?

    <p>Microfilaments are made of actin subunits while microtubules are made of tubulin subunits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do intermediate filaments play in the cell's response to mechanical stresses?

    <p>They cross-link with other cytoskeletal elements like microtubules and microfilaments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of actin filaments in endocytosis?

    <p>Creating a contractile ring around the cell's 'waist'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do pathogens manipulate the host cytoskeleton?

    <p>Through interactions with extracellular receptors and intracellular signaling pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes intermediate filaments from microtubules and microfilaments?

    <p>Intermediate filaments are highly divergent in sequence and molecular weight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does ATP provide energy in cellular reactions?

    <p>By transferring a phosphate group to another molecule in phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of mitochondria in the cell?

    <p>To generate ATP through cellular processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cellular respiration, what is the role of the Krebs cycle?

    <p>To produce ATP from glucose in the presence of oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is ATP used to power cellular processes?

    <p>By phosphorylating molecules to activate them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three major clinical features associated with Alpers’ Syndrome?

    <p>Severe epilepsy, loss of developmental skills, and liver failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing lipids, aiding in detoxification of drugs, and metabolizing carbohydrates?

    <p>Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct sequence for the process of proteins being secreted from the cell?

    <p>Proteins have a secretion signal, mRNA binds ribosome, protein starts to be produced, mRNA export</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell organelle is responsible for receiving transport vesicles containing proteins from the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum and modifying these proteins?

    <p>Golgi Apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key enzyme in glycolysis that regulates the speed of the pathway based on the energy needs of the cell?

    <p>Phosphofructokinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of glycolysis involves the conversion of three-carbon molecules to pyruvate, generating ATP and NADH?

    <p>Energy-Releasing Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the net products generated from one round of glycolysis?

    <p>2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process occurs in the absence of oxygen and is essential for ATP production when oxygen is scarce?

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is formed when acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate during the Krebs cycle?

    <p>Citrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Krebs cycle in cellular metabolism?

    <p>Energy production through oxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of protein complexes in the electron transport chain?

    <p>Transfer electrons and pump protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Ubiquinone(Q) and Cytochrome c in the electron transport chain?

    <p>Shuttle electrons between complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when cyanide acts on complex IV in the electron transport chain?

    <p>Stoppage of electron transfer to oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the electron transport chain utilize the energy from redox reactions?

    <p>Drive the synthesis of ATP by pumping protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the major effects of poisoning by cyanide or carbon monoxide on cellular metabolism?

    <p>Elevated lactate levels in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ATP in cellular processes?

    <p>Transfers a phosphate group to another molecule through phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes ATP's role as the 'energy currency' of the cell?

    <p>ATP is essential for various cell functions and serves as a universal energy carrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does ATP contribute to cellular respiration?

    <p>ATP causes conformational changes in proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does ATP differ from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) in cellular energy processes?

    <p>ATP is hydrolyzed to generate ADP and energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the central dogma of molecular biology?

    <p>Regulation of gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the process of translation occur within a cell?

    <p>Cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ribosome in a cell?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which cellular organelle does the final stage of gene expression (translation) take place?

    <p>Cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component carries the growing polypeptide chain during the elongation phase of protein synthesis?

    <p>tRNA in P site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes free floating ribosomes from membrane-bound ribosomes in a cell?

    <p>Synthesis of different types of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides stability to the DNA molecule and contributes to its structural integrity?

    <p>Phosphodiester bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which groove, formed by the staggered arrangement of nitrogenous bases along the double helix, is wider and deeper?

    <p>Major groove</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In DNA replication, what enzyme catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds?

    <p>DNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is made up of DNA tightly coiled many times around proteins called histones?

    <p>Chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of histones in the process of deacetylation?

    <p>Inhibiting transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of microtubules is primarily involved in connecting sister chromatids to the spindle apparatus during cell division?

    <p>'A' microtubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Triplet code' refers to a sequence of how many nucleotides on a DNA or RNA molecule?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Huntington’s disease' primarily targets which structures in a process called deacetylation?

    <p>Histones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Replication' in cellular division specifically results in the formation of how many double-stranded DNA molecules in the nucleus?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Triplet code' controls the production of which cellular component in the cytoplasm of the cell?

    <p>'C' amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the information content more accessible in major groove because what is exposed along the double helix?

    <p>Nitrogenous bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Krebs cycle in cellular metabolism?

    <p>Generation of NADH and FADH2 for ATP production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme plays a crucial role in regulating the speed of glycolysis based on the energy needs of the cell?

    <p>Phosphofructokinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the absence of oxygen, what is the primary pathway for ATP production in cells?

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when cyanide acts on complex IV in the electron transport chain?

    <p>It stops all electrons being passed to oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of glycolysis involves using two ATP molecules to convert one molecule of glucose into two three-carbon molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate?

    <p>Energy-Requiring Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do pathogens manipulate the host cytoskeleton?

    <p>By altering actin filament polymerization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the proton gradient created in the electron transport chain?

    <p>To drive ATP synthesis by ATP synthase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net ATP yield per molecule of glucose metabolized through glycolysis?

    <p>+2 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do Microtubule Organizing Centres (MTOCs) play in cells?

    <p>Cytoskeleton structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes intermediate filaments from microtubules and microfilaments?

    <p>Their structural stability and diverse protein composition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is cellular diversity important in building complex organisms like the human body?

    <p>To enable the specialization of cells for different tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three major clinical features associated with Alpers’ Syndrome?

    <p>Seizures, developmental regression, liver failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle aids in the detoxification of drugs and other toxins?

    <p>Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Golgi Apparatus in a cell?

    <p>Protein modification and sorting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is formed by millions of nucleotides joined together in a long chain?

    <p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Pentose Sugar in a nucleotide?

    <p>Provides a sugar component to the nucleotide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pair always forms bonds in DNA by pairing up?

    <p>(Guanine, Thymine)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical bonds link adjacent nucleotides in a DNA strand?

    <p>Phosphodiester bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major difference between purines and pyrimidines in nitrogenous bases?

    <p>Number of heterocyclic rings they contain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Ribosomes in protein synthesis?

    <p>Synthesize proteins based on mRNA instructions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are unicellular in nature?

    <p>Prokaryotic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major difference in DNA structure between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Eukaryotic DNA is circular with proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for motility in eukaryotic cells by waving cilia and flagellin?

    <p>Centrioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

    <p>Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell division involves binary fission?

    <p>Binary fission exclusively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does DNA differ in packaging between euchromatin and heterochromatin?

    <p>Euchromatin is loosely packed, while heterochromatin is tightly packed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds during DNA replication?

    <p>DNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which DNA is copied to produce an identical replica?

    <p>Replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in eukaryotic cells contains the genetic material and directs cellular activities?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cytoskeletons in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Cellular transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ribosomes are present in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>70S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase of the cell cycle does DNA condense into tightly packed chromosomes?

    <p>Mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle in plant cells contains DNA in addition to the nucleus?

    <p>Chloroplast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of cell motility in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Rigid rotating flagellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the centrosome in eukaryotic cells during the late G2 phase?

    <p>Serves as the main microtubule organizing center of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to cohesin proteins during anaphase of mitosis?

    <p>They lead to the separation of sister chromatids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle marks the time when the cell has stopped dividing and has left the cycle?

    <p>Resting phase (Gap 0)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes begin to condense and the nucleolus disappears?

    <p>Prophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate and can undergo crossing over?

    <p>Metaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major difference between the process of anaphase in mitosis compared to anaphase I in meiosis?

    <p>Sister chromatids separate in mitosis, homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural feature allows for the formation of chiasmata during meiosis?

    <p>Synaptonemal complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process contributes to genetic diversity among gametes during meiosis?

    <p>Crossing over</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of cells resulting from meiosis II being haploid?

    <p>It prepares for fertilization to restore diploidy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase of meiosis does the nuclear envelope begin to reform around the separated chromosomes?

    <p>Telophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is involved in the production of functional gene products like proteins and functional RNAs?

    <p>Translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the discipline focused on sequencing, mapping, analyzing, and comparing genomes known as?

    <p>Genomics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At the molecular level, which component of a gene encodes and directs the synthesis of proteins, tRNA, rRNA, or other structural RNAs?

    <p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Fundamental Dogma in biology?

    <p>To link DNA replication and RNA transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of release factors in translation termination?

    <p>Assisting in the recognition of stop codons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in the E site of the ribosome during translation termination?

    <p>Drift out of empty tRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a polyribosome?

    <p>A cluster of ribosomes linked by tRNAs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of translation does the A site act as the landing site for the next tRNA with an anticodon complementary to the exposed codon on mRNA?

    <p>Elongation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the 5' capping process during RNA processing?

    <p>Addition of a methyl-guanosine cap at the 5' end</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of gene expression involves the addition of ~200 adenines to the 3' end of pre-mRNA?

    <p>RNA processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of promoters in transcription?

    <p>Serving as recognition points for RNA polymerase binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of translation involves the binding of the 40S ribosomal subunit to mRNA?

    <p>Initiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in protein synthesis?

    <p>Adding amino acids to tRNA molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of splicing in RNA processing?

    <p>Removing non-coding introns and joining coding exons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in tRNA is responsible for carrying a specific amino acid?

    <p>'CCA' tail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Universal Genetic Code' refers to a common language for translating nucleotide sequences into what during protein synthesis?

    <p>'Amino acid sequences'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ribosomes in protein synthesis?

    <p>Making proteins by translating mRNA sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the operator in an operon?

    <p>Halts transcription by binding to DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In prokaryotic cells, what determines whether an operon is inducible or repressible?

    <p>The ability of small molecules to turn it off</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which DNA-binding protein inhibits the expression of genes by binding to the operator?

    <p>Repressor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the operon differ from a single gene in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>An operon operates from a single promoter, while a single gene has multiple promoters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between Rho-dependent and Rho-independent transcription termination strategies?

    <p>Formation of a hairpin structure in the RNA transcript</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in protein synthesis?

    <p>Complementing the 16S rRNA in the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Rho factor contribute to transcription termination in prokaryotes?

    <p>Pulling the RNA transcript and DNA apart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the 16S rRNA in prokaryotic ribosomes during translation initiation?

    <p>Binds to mRNA Shine-Dalgarno sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when C and G rich region on DNA template is approached during transcription?

    <p>Hairpin formation in the mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the presence of U nucleotides after the hairpin structure aid in transcription termination?

    <p>Weakens mRNA-DNA interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when an inducer molecule is present in the trp operon of E.coli?

    <p>It binds to the repressor protein, changing its conformation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the lacY gene play in the lac operon of E.coli?

    <p>It is involved in transporting lactose into the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the regulation of the Trp Operon in E.coli?

    <p>The repressor proteins are unable to bind to the operator when tryptophan is present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of DNA is essential for initiating transcription in prokaryotes?

    <p>Pribnow box</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the lacI gene in the lac operon regulation?

    <p>Codes for an allosteric repressor protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in E.coli when lactose is absent in terms of the lac operon?

    <p>The repressor protein is inactive allowing transcription.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "What is the primary function of RNA polymerase during transcription initiation?"

    <p>&quot;Transcribes mRNA from DNA template.&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "What purpose does suspending repressible enzymes serve in cells?"

    <p>&quot;Allows energy allocation elsewhere by halting unnecessary processes.&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "What differentiates inducible enzymes from repressible enzymes regarding cellular role?"

    <p>&quot;Inducible enzymes break down nutrients while repressible enzymes synthesise end products.&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that heavily influences the movement of charged particles in an electric field during gel electrophoresis?

    <p>Size of the molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In gel electrophoresis, what is the role of the buffer used when loading the gel?

    <p>Provide electrolytes to facilitate current movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of loading DNA ladder (reference of Molecular weight marker) in gel electrophoresis?

    <p>To identify the size of DNA bands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which end of the gel is the Cathode (-) placed during electrophoresis?

    <p>Top loading end</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using 70% ethanol in the biological safety cabinet?

    <p>To disinfect items inside the cabinet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to warm cell culture media and additives to 37°C?

    <p>To maintain the viability of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected outcome of using trypan blue in viability staining?

    <p>Viable cells will have intact membranes and not be colorized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should movements within and outside the biological safety cabinet not be rapid?

    <p>To maintain the sterile airflow inside the cabinet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of labeling materials used for cell culture with initials, date, and additives?

    <p>To track and ensure proper identification of materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does ethanol (EtOH) contribute to viability staining using trypan blue?

    <p>It kills bacteria by rupturing their cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of sphingomyelin in the cell membrane?

    <p>Participates in signaling pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic best describes integral membrane proteins in the cell membrane?

    <p>Permanently embedded within the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of carbohydrates in the cell membrane?

    <p>Assist in cell recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adhesion molecule is involved in cell-cell adhesion?

    <p>Cadherin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of CAMs (Cell Adhesion Molecules) in cellular communication?

    <p>Maintain physical contact between cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do phospholipids contribute to the selective permeability of the cell membrane?

    <p>By allowing certain molecules to diffuse across the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor heavily influences the movement of charged particles in an electric field in gel electrophoresis?

    <p>New charge of molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In gel electrophoresis, what is the primary function of the gel matrix made out of agarose?

    <p>Retard the movement of molecules based on density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the buffer's role in gel electrophoresis?

    <p>Provide electrolytes to facilitate current movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When loading the gel in gel electrophoresis, what is the purpose of mixing the DNA sample with loading buffer/dye containing a high-density molecule like sucrose?

    <p>Help DNA sink to the bottom of the well</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of warming cell culture media and additives to 37˚C in a water bath when preparing fresh media?

    <p>To promote cell growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential to label all materials used for cell culture with initials, date, and additives?

    <p>For proper identification and tracking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In viability staining using trypan blue, why are live cells with intact membranes not colorized?

    <p>The dye does not penetrate live cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ethanol in treating cells by rupturing the cell membrane?

    <p>To sterilize by disrupting bacterial membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to avoid rapid movements within and outside the biological safety cabinet?

    <p>To maintain sterile airflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason behind seeding low cell count/density leading to cell death?

    <p>Inadequate nutrient availability</p> Signup and view all the answers

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