Cell Biology Paper 1
163 Questions
8 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which cell structure is unique to plant cells and not present in animal cells?

  • Cell wall (correct)
  • Plasma membrane
  • Chloroplasts
  • Cytoskeleton

    • What is the primary function of chloroplasts in plant cells?

  • Perform cellular respiration
  • Regulate transport across the cell membrane
  • Use light to create food (glucose) (correct)
  • Contain waste materials

    • Which process is common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

  • Cellular respiration
  • Transcription of DNA into RNA (correct)
  • Translation of RNA into proteins
  • Cell wall formation

    • What is a key characteristic that distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Presence of a membrane-bound nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is cellular diversity important in building complex organisms like the human body?

    <p>To allow for better adaptation of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is exclusive to eukaryotic cells and plays a crucial role in generating energy?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of pili and flagella structures in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Allow for movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of microtubules in the cytoskeleton?

    <p>They consist of dimers of α- and γ-Tubulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do Microtubule Organizing Centres (MTOCs) play in cells?

    <p>Replicate to form two distinct MTOCs before cell division starts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the proteins forming the cytoskeleton resemble LEGO pieces?

    <p>They assemble into a wide range of structures by fitting together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the dynamic nature of the cytoskeleton essential for its functions?

    <p>For polymers and regulatory proteins to be constantly in flux</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of microtubules is primarily involved in connecting sister chromatids to the spindle apparatus during cell division?

    <p>Kinetochore Microtubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what aspect are microfilaments different from microtubules?

    <p>Microfilaments are made of actin subunits while microtubules are made of tubulin subunits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do intermediate filaments play in the cell's response to mechanical stresses?

    <p>They cross-link with other cytoskeletal elements like microtubules and microfilaments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of actin filaments in endocytosis?

    <p>Creating a contractile ring around the cell's 'waist'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do pathogens manipulate the host cytoskeleton?

    <p>Through interactions with extracellular receptors and intracellular signaling pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes intermediate filaments from microtubules and microfilaments?

    <p>Intermediate filaments are highly divergent in sequence and molecular weight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does ATP provide energy in cellular reactions?

    <p>By transferring a phosphate group to another molecule in phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of mitochondria in the cell?

    <p>To generate ATP through cellular processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cellular respiration, what is the role of the Krebs cycle?

    <p>To produce ATP from glucose in the presence of oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is ATP used to power cellular processes?

    <p>By phosphorylating molecules to activate them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three major clinical features associated with Alpers’ Syndrome?

    <p>Severe epilepsy, loss of developmental skills, and liver failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing lipids, aiding in detoxification of drugs, and metabolizing carbohydrates?

    <p>Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct sequence for the process of proteins being secreted from the cell?

    <p>Proteins have a secretion signal, mRNA binds ribosome, protein starts to be produced, mRNA export</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell organelle is responsible for receiving transport vesicles containing proteins from the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum and modifying these proteins?

    <p>Golgi Apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key enzyme in glycolysis that regulates the speed of the pathway based on the energy needs of the cell?

    <p>Phosphofructokinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of glycolysis involves the conversion of three-carbon molecules to pyruvate, generating ATP and NADH?

    <p>Energy-Releasing Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the net products generated from one round of glycolysis?

    <p>2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process occurs in the absence of oxygen and is essential for ATP production when oxygen is scarce?

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is formed when acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate during the Krebs cycle?

    <p>Citrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Krebs cycle in cellular metabolism?

    <p>Energy production through oxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of protein complexes in the electron transport chain?

    <p>Transfer electrons and pump protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Ubiquinone(Q) and Cytochrome c in the electron transport chain?

    <p>Shuttle electrons between complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when cyanide acts on complex IV in the electron transport chain?

    <p>Stoppage of electron transfer to oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the electron transport chain utilize the energy from redox reactions?

    <p>Drive the synthesis of ATP by pumping protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the major effects of poisoning by cyanide or carbon monoxide on cellular metabolism?

    <p>Elevated lactate levels in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ATP in cellular processes?

    <p>Transfers a phosphate group to another molecule through phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes ATP's role as the 'energy currency' of the cell?

    <p>ATP is essential for various cell functions and serves as a universal energy carrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does ATP contribute to cellular respiration?

    <p>ATP causes conformational changes in proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does ATP differ from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) in cellular energy processes?

    <p>ATP is hydrolyzed to generate ADP and energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the central dogma of molecular biology?

    <p>Regulation of gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the process of translation occur within a cell?

    <p>Cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ribosome in a cell?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which cellular organelle does the final stage of gene expression (translation) take place?

    <p>Cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component carries the growing polypeptide chain during the elongation phase of protein synthesis?

    <p>tRNA in P site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes free floating ribosomes from membrane-bound ribosomes in a cell?

    <p>Synthesis of different types of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides stability to the DNA molecule and contributes to its structural integrity?

    <p>Phosphodiester bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which groove, formed by the staggered arrangement of nitrogenous bases along the double helix, is wider and deeper?

    <p>Major groove</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In DNA replication, what enzyme catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds?

    <p>DNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is made up of DNA tightly coiled many times around proteins called histones?

    <p>Chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of histones in the process of deacetylation?

    <p>Inhibiting transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of microtubules is primarily involved in connecting sister chromatids to the spindle apparatus during cell division?

    <p>'A' microtubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Triplet code' refers to a sequence of how many nucleotides on a DNA or RNA molecule?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Huntington’s disease' primarily targets which structures in a process called deacetylation?

    <p>Histones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Replication' in cellular division specifically results in the formation of how many double-stranded DNA molecules in the nucleus?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Triplet code' controls the production of which cellular component in the cytoplasm of the cell?

    <p>'C' amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the information content more accessible in major groove because what is exposed along the double helix?

    <p>Nitrogenous bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Krebs cycle in cellular metabolism?

    <p>Generation of NADH and FADH2 for ATP production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme plays a crucial role in regulating the speed of glycolysis based on the energy needs of the cell?

    <p>Phosphofructokinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the absence of oxygen, what is the primary pathway for ATP production in cells?

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when cyanide acts on complex IV in the electron transport chain?

    <p>It stops all electrons being passed to oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of glycolysis involves using two ATP molecules to convert one molecule of glucose into two three-carbon molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate?

    <p>Energy-Requiring Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do pathogens manipulate the host cytoskeleton?

    <p>By altering actin filament polymerization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the proton gradient created in the electron transport chain?

    <p>To drive ATP synthesis by ATP synthase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net ATP yield per molecule of glucose metabolized through glycolysis?

    <p>+2 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do Microtubule Organizing Centres (MTOCs) play in cells?

    <p>Cytoskeleton structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes intermediate filaments from microtubules and microfilaments?

    <p>Their structural stability and diverse protein composition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is cellular diversity important in building complex organisms like the human body?

    <p>To enable the specialization of cells for different tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three major clinical features associated with Alpers’ Syndrome?

    <p>Seizures, developmental regression, liver failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle aids in the detoxification of drugs and other toxins?

    <p>Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Golgi Apparatus in a cell?

    <p>Protein modification and sorting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is formed by millions of nucleotides joined together in a long chain?

    <p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Pentose Sugar in a nucleotide?

    <p>Provides a sugar component to the nucleotide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pair always forms bonds in DNA by pairing up?

    <p>(Guanine, Thymine)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical bonds link adjacent nucleotides in a DNA strand?

    <p>Phosphodiester bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major difference between purines and pyrimidines in nitrogenous bases?

    <p>Number of heterocyclic rings they contain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Ribosomes in protein synthesis?

    <p>Synthesize proteins based on mRNA instructions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are unicellular in nature?

    <p>Prokaryotic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major difference in DNA structure between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Eukaryotic DNA is circular with proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for motility in eukaryotic cells by waving cilia and flagellin?

    <p>Centrioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

    <p>Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell division involves binary fission?

    <p>Binary fission exclusively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does DNA differ in packaging between euchromatin and heterochromatin?

    <p>Euchromatin is loosely packed, while heterochromatin is tightly packed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds during DNA replication?

    <p>DNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which DNA is copied to produce an identical replica?

    <p>Replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in eukaryotic cells contains the genetic material and directs cellular activities?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cytoskeletons in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Cellular transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ribosomes are present in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>70S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase of the cell cycle does DNA condense into tightly packed chromosomes?

    <p>Mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle in plant cells contains DNA in addition to the nucleus?

    <p>Chloroplast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of cell motility in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Rigid rotating flagellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the centrosome in eukaryotic cells during the late G2 phase?

    <p>Serves as the main microtubule organizing center of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to cohesin proteins during anaphase of mitosis?

    <p>They lead to the separation of sister chromatids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle marks the time when the cell has stopped dividing and has left the cycle?

    <p>Resting phase (Gap 0)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes begin to condense and the nucleolus disappears?

    <p>Prophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate and can undergo crossing over?

    <p>Metaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major difference between the process of anaphase in mitosis compared to anaphase I in meiosis?

    <p>Sister chromatids separate in mitosis, homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural feature allows for the formation of chiasmata during meiosis?

    <p>Synaptonemal complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process contributes to genetic diversity among gametes during meiosis?

    <p>Crossing over</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of cells resulting from meiosis II being haploid?

    <p>It prepares for fertilization to restore diploidy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase of meiosis does the nuclear envelope begin to reform around the separated chromosomes?

    <p>Telophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is involved in the production of functional gene products like proteins and functional RNAs?

    <p>Translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the discipline focused on sequencing, mapping, analyzing, and comparing genomes known as?

    <p>Genomics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At the molecular level, which component of a gene encodes and directs the synthesis of proteins, tRNA, rRNA, or other structural RNAs?

    <p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Fundamental Dogma in biology?

    <p>To link DNA replication and RNA transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of release factors in translation termination?

    <p>Assisting in the recognition of stop codons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in the E site of the ribosome during translation termination?

    <p>Drift out of empty tRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a polyribosome?

    <p>A cluster of ribosomes linked by tRNAs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of translation does the A site act as the landing site for the next tRNA with an anticodon complementary to the exposed codon on mRNA?

    <p>Elongation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the 5' capping process during RNA processing?

    <p>Addition of a methyl-guanosine cap at the 5' end</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of gene expression involves the addition of ~200 adenines to the 3' end of pre-mRNA?

    <p>RNA processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of promoters in transcription?

    <p>Serving as recognition points for RNA polymerase binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of translation involves the binding of the 40S ribosomal subunit to mRNA?

    <p>Initiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in protein synthesis?

    <p>Adding amino acids to tRNA molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of splicing in RNA processing?

    <p>Removing non-coding introns and joining coding exons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in tRNA is responsible for carrying a specific amino acid?

    <p>'CCA' tail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Universal Genetic Code' refers to a common language for translating nucleotide sequences into what during protein synthesis?

    <p>'Amino acid sequences'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ribosomes in protein synthesis?

    <p>Making proteins by translating mRNA sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the operator in an operon?

    <p>Halts transcription by binding to DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In prokaryotic cells, what determines whether an operon is inducible or repressible?

    <p>The ability of small molecules to turn it off</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which DNA-binding protein inhibits the expression of genes by binding to the operator?

    <p>Repressor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the operon differ from a single gene in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>An operon operates from a single promoter, while a single gene has multiple promoters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between Rho-dependent and Rho-independent transcription termination strategies?

    <p>Formation of a hairpin structure in the RNA transcript</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in protein synthesis?

    <p>Complementing the 16S rRNA in the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Rho factor contribute to transcription termination in prokaryotes?

    <p>Pulling the RNA transcript and DNA apart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the 16S rRNA in prokaryotic ribosomes during translation initiation?

    <p>Binds to mRNA Shine-Dalgarno sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when C and G rich region on DNA template is approached during transcription?

    <p>Hairpin formation in the mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the presence of U nucleotides after the hairpin structure aid in transcription termination?

    <p>Weakens mRNA-DNA interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when an inducer molecule is present in the trp operon of E.coli?

    <p>It binds to the repressor protein, changing its conformation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the lacY gene play in the lac operon of E.coli?

    <p>It is involved in transporting lactose into the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the regulation of the Trp Operon in E.coli?

    <p>The repressor proteins are unable to bind to the operator when tryptophan is present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of DNA is essential for initiating transcription in prokaryotes?

    <p>Pribnow box</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the lacI gene in the lac operon regulation?

    <p>Codes for an allosteric repressor protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in E.coli when lactose is absent in terms of the lac operon?

    <p>The repressor protein is inactive allowing transcription.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "What is the primary function of RNA polymerase during transcription initiation?"

    <p>&quot;Transcribes mRNA from DNA template.&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "What purpose does suspending repressible enzymes serve in cells?"

    <p>&quot;Allows energy allocation elsewhere by halting unnecessary processes.&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "What differentiates inducible enzymes from repressible enzymes regarding cellular role?"

    <p>&quot;Inducible enzymes break down nutrients while repressible enzymes synthesise end products.&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that heavily influences the movement of charged particles in an electric field during gel electrophoresis?

    <p>Size of the molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In gel electrophoresis, what is the role of the buffer used when loading the gel?

    <p>Provide electrolytes to facilitate current movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of loading DNA ladder (reference of Molecular weight marker) in gel electrophoresis?

    <p>To identify the size of DNA bands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which end of the gel is the Cathode (-) placed during electrophoresis?

    <p>Top loading end</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using 70% ethanol in the biological safety cabinet?

    <p>To disinfect items inside the cabinet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to warm cell culture media and additives to 37°C?

    <p>To maintain the viability of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected outcome of using trypan blue in viability staining?

    <p>Viable cells will have intact membranes and not be colorized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should movements within and outside the biological safety cabinet not be rapid?

    <p>To maintain the sterile airflow inside the cabinet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of labeling materials used for cell culture with initials, date, and additives?

    <p>To track and ensure proper identification of materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does ethanol (EtOH) contribute to viability staining using trypan blue?

    <p>It kills bacteria by rupturing their cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of sphingomyelin in the cell membrane?

    <p>Participates in signaling pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic best describes integral membrane proteins in the cell membrane?

    <p>Permanently embedded within the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of carbohydrates in the cell membrane?

    <p>Assist in cell recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adhesion molecule is involved in cell-cell adhesion?

    <p>Cadherin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of CAMs (Cell Adhesion Molecules) in cellular communication?

    <p>Maintain physical contact between cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do phospholipids contribute to the selective permeability of the cell membrane?

    <p>By allowing certain molecules to diffuse across the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor heavily influences the movement of charged particles in an electric field in gel electrophoresis?

    <p>New charge of molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In gel electrophoresis, what is the primary function of the gel matrix made out of agarose?

    <p>Retard the movement of molecules based on density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the buffer's role in gel electrophoresis?

    <p>Provide electrolytes to facilitate current movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When loading the gel in gel electrophoresis, what is the purpose of mixing the DNA sample with loading buffer/dye containing a high-density molecule like sucrose?

    <p>Help DNA sink to the bottom of the well</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of warming cell culture media and additives to 37˚C in a water bath when preparing fresh media?

    <p>To promote cell growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential to label all materials used for cell culture with initials, date, and additives?

    <p>For proper identification and tracking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In viability staining using trypan blue, why are live cells with intact membranes not colorized?

    <p>The dye does not penetrate live cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ethanol in treating cells by rupturing the cell membrane?

    <p>To sterilize by disrupting bacterial membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to avoid rapid movements within and outside the biological safety cabinet?

    <p>To maintain sterile airflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason behind seeding low cell count/density leading to cell death?

    <p>Inadequate nutrient availability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    More Like This

    Muscle Cell Diversity
    10 questions

    Muscle Cell Diversity

    InestimableShark avatar
    InestimableShark
    Cell References Quiz
    10 questions

    Cell References Quiz

    FancyChalcedony384 avatar
    FancyChalcedony384
    Cell Diversity
    7 questions

    Cell Diversity

    CourageousIsland avatar
    CourageousIsland
    Cell Diversity Quiz
    40 questions

    Cell Diversity Quiz

    SoulfulNovaculite3516 avatar
    SoulfulNovaculite3516
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser