Cell Biology Paper 1

Which cell structure is unique to plant cells and not present in animal cells?

What is the primary function of chloroplasts in plant cells?

Which process is common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

What is a key characteristic that distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?

Why is cellular diversity important in building complex organisms like the human body?

Which organelle is exclusive to eukaryotic cells and plays a crucial role in generating energy?

What is the function of pili and flagella structures in prokaryotic cells?

What is a key characteristic of microtubules in the cytoskeleton?

What role do Microtubule Organizing Centres (MTOCs) play in cells?

How do the proteins forming the cytoskeleton resemble LEGO pieces?

Why is the dynamic nature of the cytoskeleton essential for its functions?

Which type of microtubules is primarily involved in connecting sister chromatids to the spindle apparatus during cell division?

In what aspect are microfilaments different from microtubules?

What role do intermediate filaments play in the cell's response to mechanical stresses?

What is the primary function of actin filaments in endocytosis?

How do pathogens manipulate the host cytoskeleton?

What distinguishes intermediate filaments from microtubules and microfilaments?

How does ATP provide energy in cellular reactions?

What is the primary role of mitochondria in the cell?

In cellular respiration, what is the role of the Krebs cycle?

How is ATP used to power cellular processes?

What are the three major clinical features associated with Alpers’ Syndrome?

Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing lipids, aiding in detoxification of drugs, and metabolizing carbohydrates?

What is the correct sequence for the process of proteins being secreted from the cell?

Which cell organelle is responsible for receiving transport vesicles containing proteins from the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum and modifying these proteins?

What is the key enzyme in glycolysis that regulates the speed of the pathway based on the energy needs of the cell?

Which phase of glycolysis involves the conversion of three-carbon molecules to pyruvate, generating ATP and NADH?

What are the net products generated from one round of glycolysis?

Which process occurs in the absence of oxygen and is essential for ATP production when oxygen is scarce?

Which molecule is formed when acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate during the Krebs cycle?

What is the primary function of the Krebs cycle in cellular metabolism?

What is the primary role of protein complexes in the electron transport chain?

What is the function of Ubiquinone(Q) and Cytochrome c in the electron transport chain?

What happens when cyanide acts on complex IV in the electron transport chain?

How does the electron transport chain utilize the energy from redox reactions?

What is one of the major effects of poisoning by cyanide or carbon monoxide on cellular metabolism?

What is the primary function of ATP in cellular processes?

Which statement accurately describes ATP's role as the 'energy currency' of the cell?

How does ATP contribute to cellular respiration?

In what way does ATP differ from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) in cellular energy processes?

What is the primary function of the central dogma of molecular biology?

Where does the process of translation occur within a cell?

What is the primary function of the ribosome in a cell?

In which cellular organelle does the final stage of gene expression (translation) take place?

Which component carries the growing polypeptide chain during the elongation phase of protein synthesis?

What distinguishes free floating ribosomes from membrane-bound ribosomes in a cell?

What provides stability to the DNA molecule and contributes to its structural integrity?

Which groove, formed by the staggered arrangement of nitrogenous bases along the double helix, is wider and deeper?

In DNA replication, what enzyme catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds?

Which structure is made up of DNA tightly coiled many times around proteins called histones?

What is the primary role of histones in the process of deacetylation?

Which type of microtubules is primarily involved in connecting sister chromatids to the spindle apparatus during cell division?

'Triplet code' refers to a sequence of how many nucleotides on a DNA or RNA molecule?

'Huntington’s disease' primarily targets which structures in a process called deacetylation?

'Replication' in cellular division specifically results in the formation of how many double-stranded DNA molecules in the nucleus?

'Triplet code' controls the production of which cellular component in the cytoplasm of the cell?

What is the information content more accessible in major groove because what is exposed along the double helix?

What is the primary function of the Krebs cycle in cellular metabolism?

Which enzyme plays a crucial role in regulating the speed of glycolysis based on the energy needs of the cell?

In the absence of oxygen, what is the primary pathway for ATP production in cells?

What happens when cyanide acts on complex IV in the electron transport chain?

Which phase of glycolysis involves using two ATP molecules to convert one molecule of glucose into two three-carbon molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate?

How do pathogens manipulate the host cytoskeleton?

What is the purpose of the proton gradient created in the electron transport chain?

What is the net ATP yield per molecule of glucose metabolized through glycolysis?

What role do Microtubule Organizing Centres (MTOCs) play in cells?

What distinguishes intermediate filaments from microtubules and microfilaments?

Why is cellular diversity important in building complex organisms like the human body?

What are the three major clinical features associated with Alpers’ Syndrome?

Which organelle aids in the detoxification of drugs and other toxins?

What is the primary function of the Golgi Apparatus in a cell?

Which molecule is formed by millions of nucleotides joined together in a long chain?

What is the role of Pentose Sugar in a nucleotide?

Which pair always forms bonds in DNA by pairing up?

Which chemical bonds link adjacent nucleotides in a DNA strand?

What is the major difference between purines and pyrimidines in nitrogenous bases?

What is the primary role of Ribosomes in protein synthesis?

Which type of cells are unicellular in nature?

What is a major difference in DNA structure between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Which organelle is responsible for motility in eukaryotic cells by waving cilia and flagellin?

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Which type of cell division involves binary fission?

How does DNA differ in packaging between euchromatin and heterochromatin?

What enzyme catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds during DNA replication?

What is the term for the process by which DNA is copied to produce an identical replica?

Which structure in eukaryotic cells contains the genetic material and directs cellular activities?

What is the primary function of cytoskeletons in eukaryotic cells?

Which type of ribosomes are present in prokaryotic cells?

In which phase of the cell cycle does DNA condense into tightly packed chromosomes?

Which organelle in plant cells contains DNA in addition to the nucleus?

What is the primary method of cell motility in prokaryotic cells?

What is the primary function of the centrosome in eukaryotic cells during the late G2 phase?

What happens to cohesin proteins during anaphase of mitosis?

Which phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle marks the time when the cell has stopped dividing and has left the cycle?

During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes begin to condense and the nucleolus disappears?

During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate and can undergo crossing over?

What is the major difference between the process of anaphase in mitosis compared to anaphase I in meiosis?

What structural feature allows for the formation of chiasmata during meiosis?

Which process contributes to genetic diversity among gametes during meiosis?

What is the significance of cells resulting from meiosis II being haploid?

In which phase of meiosis does the nuclear envelope begin to reform around the separated chromosomes?

Which process is involved in the production of functional gene products like proteins and functional RNAs?

What is the discipline focused on sequencing, mapping, analyzing, and comparing genomes known as?

At the molecular level, which component of a gene encodes and directs the synthesis of proteins, tRNA, rRNA, or other structural RNAs?

What is the primary function of the Fundamental Dogma in biology?

What is the role of release factors in translation termination?

What occurs in the E site of the ribosome during translation termination?

What defines a polyribosome?

During which phase of translation does the A site act as the landing site for the next tRNA with an anticodon complementary to the exposed codon on mRNA?

What is the primary function of the 5' capping process during RNA processing?

Which phase of gene expression involves the addition of ~200 adenines to the 3' end of pre-mRNA?

What is the role of promoters in transcription?

Which phase of translation involves the binding of the 40S ribosomal subunit to mRNA?

What is the function of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in protein synthesis?

What is the primary role of splicing in RNA processing?

Which structure in tRNA is responsible for carrying a specific amino acid?

'Universal Genetic Code' refers to a common language for translating nucleotide sequences into what during protein synthesis?

What is the function of ribosomes in protein synthesis?

What is the primary function of the operator in an operon?

In prokaryotic cells, what determines whether an operon is inducible or repressible?

Which DNA-binding protein inhibits the expression of genes by binding to the operator?

How does the operon differ from a single gene in prokaryotic cells?

What is the key difference between Rho-dependent and Rho-independent transcription termination strategies?

What is the role of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in protein synthesis?

How does Rho factor contribute to transcription termination in prokaryotes?

What is the function of the 16S rRNA in prokaryotic ribosomes during translation initiation?

What happens when C and G rich region on DNA template is approached during transcription?

Why does the presence of U nucleotides after the hairpin structure aid in transcription termination?

What happens when an inducer molecule is present in the trp operon of E.coli?

What role does the lacY gene play in the lac operon of E.coli?

Which statement accurately describes the regulation of the Trp Operon in E.coli?

Which region of DNA is essential for initiating transcription in prokaryotes?

What is the function of the lacI gene in the lac operon regulation?

What happens in E.coli when lactose is absent in terms of the lac operon?

"What is the primary function of RNA polymerase during transcription initiation?"

"What purpose does suspending repressible enzymes serve in cells?"

"What differentiates inducible enzymes from repressible enzymes regarding cellular role?"

What is the primary factor that heavily influences the movement of charged particles in an electric field during gel electrophoresis?

In gel electrophoresis, what is the role of the buffer used when loading the gel?

What is the purpose of loading DNA ladder (reference of Molecular weight marker) in gel electrophoresis?

At which end of the gel is the Cathode (-) placed during electrophoresis?

What is the purpose of using 70% ethanol in the biological safety cabinet?

Why is it important to warm cell culture media and additives to 37°C?

What is the expected outcome of using trypan blue in viability staining?

Why should movements within and outside the biological safety cabinet not be rapid?

What is the significance of labeling materials used for cell culture with initials, date, and additives?

How does ethanol (EtOH) contribute to viability staining using trypan blue?

What is the primary function of sphingomyelin in the cell membrane?

Which characteristic best describes integral membrane proteins in the cell membrane?

What is the main role of carbohydrates in the cell membrane?

Which adhesion molecule is involved in cell-cell adhesion?

What is the primary function of CAMs (Cell Adhesion Molecules) in cellular communication?

How do phospholipids contribute to the selective permeability of the cell membrane?

What factor heavily influences the movement of charged particles in an electric field in gel electrophoresis?

In gel electrophoresis, what is the primary function of the gel matrix made out of agarose?

What is the buffer's role in gel electrophoresis?

When loading the gel in gel electrophoresis, what is the purpose of mixing the DNA sample with loading buffer/dye containing a high-density molecule like sucrose?

What is the purpose of warming cell culture media and additives to 37˚C in a water bath when preparing fresh media?

Why is it essential to label all materials used for cell culture with initials, date, and additives?

In viability staining using trypan blue, why are live cells with intact membranes not colorized?

What is the function of ethanol in treating cells by rupturing the cell membrane?

Why is it important to avoid rapid movements within and outside the biological safety cabinet?

What is the reason behind seeding low cell count/density leading to cell death?