Cell Death Mechanisms in Biology
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a key regulator shared between apoptosis and autophagy?

  • Caspase 3
  • TNFRSF10A (TRAIL-R)
  • Death domain receptors (correct)
  • BCL2 family members

    • The intrinsic apoptosis pathway is triggered by signals from outside the cell.

    False (B)

    What is the name of the process by which cytotoxic T lymphocytes kill target cells?

    Apoptosis

    The extrinsic apoptosis pathway is triggered by the ligation of ______ family death receptors.

    <p>TNF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of cell death with their trigger:

    <p>Apoptosis = Stress signals from within the cell Necrosis = Death domain receptors Autopagy = BCL2 family members CTL-mediated apoptosis = Foreign epitopes on target cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a disease associated with overactive apoptosis?

    <p>Alzheimer's disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Disruptions that prevent cellular apoptosis can increase the risk of developing cancer.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are also known as ______ T-cells.

    <p>killer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the immune system?

    <p>To remove body cells displaying 'foreign' epitopes, such as virus-infected cells, cells containing intracellular bacteria, and cancer cells with mutant surface proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of cell targeted by cytotoxic T lymphocytes?

    <p>Red blood cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

    <p>Molecular oxygen (O2) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Disruptions in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway can lead to increased ATP production.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one group of diseases caused by genetic mutations affecting the mitochondria.

    <p>Mitochondrial myopathies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cells recycle valuable molecules by identifying, segregating, and degrading malfunctioning or obsolete cellular components through ______.

    <p>cellular cleanup</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can trigger an increase in autophagy activity?

    <p>Nutrient deprivation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Autophagy = Cell's housekeeping system Reactive Oxygen Species = Can cause oxidative stress Oxidative phosphorylation = ATP production pathway Mitochondrial myopathies = Group of neuromuscular diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute positively to cellular health.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the autophagy process?

    <p>Degradation and recycling of cellular components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does c-Myc primarily play in cellular processes?

    <p>Driving cell growth and apoptosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Granzyme B only induces apoptosis by targeting mitochondria.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key mechanism does c-Myc use to sensitize cells to pro-apoptotic processes?

    <p>Stabilization of p53 through the ARF/MDM2 pathway.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Granzyme B is implicated in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune disorders such as __________.

    <p>Sjogren's syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following proteins is NOT directly cleaved by granzyme B?

    <p>p53 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following proteins with their associated functions:

    <p>c-Myc = Regulation of apoptosis and cell growth Granzyme B = Inducing DNA damage PARP = DNA damage sensing DNA-PK = Double-strand DNA break repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two consequences of c-Myc activity when survival factors are absent?

    <p>Cell cycle entry and apoptosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance is cleaved by Granzyme-B to produce tBID?

    <p>BID (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Apoptosis leads to the release of cellular contents.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does calcium (Ca2+) play in T-Cells?

    <p>Calcium plays a major role in T-Cell activation and apoptosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The activated enzymes that degrade host DNA can also destroy ______ DNA.

    <p>microbial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component is generated by the cleavage of PIP2 by PLC-γ1?

    <p>DAG and IP3 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The endoplasmic reticulum is one source of intracellular free Ca2+.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of elevated intracellular calcium in T-Cells?

    <p>It triggers T-Cell activation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fyn increases the activity of ______ during early T-Cell activation.

    <p>IP3R/ITPR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of phagocytes during the process of apoptosis?

    <p>They clear apoptotic cell fragments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the ubiquitin system?

    <p>To maintain protein homeostasis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cyclins are not involved in the regulation of the cell cycle.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one of the three types of enzymes involved in the ubiquitination process.

    <p>E1, E2, or E3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tagged protein is typically directed to the ______ for degradation.

    <p>26S proteasome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the process with its corresponding role:

    <p>Ubiquitination = Protein degradation Cyclins = Cell cycle regulation DNA repair = Genomic integrity maintenance E3 ligase = Specificity in ubiquitination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to proteins that are tagged for ubiquitination?

    <p>They are degraded or repaired (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    E3 ligases are known for their specificity in recognizing different target proteins.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ubiquitin in the cell?

    <p>To tag proteins for degradation or signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The E1 enzyme activates ubiquitin in an ______ manner.

    <p>ATP-dependent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following roles does the ubiquitin-proteasome system NOT play?

    <p>Transporting substances across membranes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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