The cell WK4 - Apostasies and necrosis

Apoptosis is programmed cell death, while necrosis is unregulated cell death in response to external factors such as toxins, trauma, and infection.

Oxygen deprivation, or hypoxia, can result in a reduction in aerobic oxidative respiration, leading to cellular injury or death. Possible causes include reduced blood flow, inadequate oxygenation of the blood, and decreased blood oxygen-carrying capacity.

Cellular swelling causes changes in ion concentrations and water influx, leading to a depletion of energy stores in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

<p>apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coagulative necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Examples of physical agents that can cause cellular injury include mechanical trauma, extremes of temperature, sudden changes in atmospheric pressure, radiation, and electric shock.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Necrotic cell death involves swelling of the endoplasmic reticulum, membrane breakdown, and release of cellular contents, leading to an inflammatory response. Apoptotic cell death, on the other hand, involves chromatin condensation, DNA cleavage, and membrane blebbing, resulting in a more controlled and regulated process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loss of membrane integrity and leakage of cellular contents</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pro-inflammatory macrophages are recruited in response to necrotic cell death, eliciting an inflammatory response and leading to the degradation of dead cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fat necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ischemia, or reduced blood flow, can result in oxygen deprivation, leading to cellular injury and death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gangrenous necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During apoptotic cell death, chromatin condenses, and DNA is cleaved into discreet 200 base pair units.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liquefactive necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Morphology of necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The earliest histologic evidence of necrosis may not become apparent until 4 to 12 hours.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cytoplasm becomes vacuolated and appears moth-eaten, due to the digestion of cytoplasmic organelles by enzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myelin figures are large, phospholipid masses derived from damaged cell membranes, and they form when dead cells are replaced by these structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Karyolysis is the fading of chromatin, which appears to reflect loss of DNA due to enzymatic degradation by endonucleases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondrial damage leads to a significant decrease in oxidative phosphorylation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anaerobic glycolysis is enhanced, leading to an accumulation of lactic acid and a decrease in cellular pH, which contributes to chromatin clumping.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ischemia leads to cellular swelling due to the accumulation of calcium and sodium ions, combined with water retention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Karyorrhexis is the fragmentation of the pyknotic nucleus, and it is characterized by the breaking up of the nucleus into smaller fragments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cleaves Caspase 3, 6, and 7, initiating the caspase cascade</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is necessary for the removal of webbing between appendages</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It leads to necrosis, particularly coagulative necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fragmentation of DNA and nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They transmit signals from extracellular signals and initiate the caspase cascade</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It occurs continuously to maintain tissue homeostasis, with the rate of apoptosis equal to the rate of cell renewal and growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytochrome C is released from the mitochondrial membrane during apoptosis due to cardiolipin oxidation via cardiolipin-specific oxygenase, which is stimulated by mitochondrial ROS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Apaf-1 is an adaptor protein that binds to cytochrome C to form the Apoptosome, which is necessary for the progression of the apoptotic signal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Caspase 3 cleaves ICAD to produce CAD, which is responsible for the fragmentation of DNA in a controlled manner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gelsolin is a protein that mediates cytoskeletal reorganization and disintegration during the execution phase of apoptosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiolipin oxidation releases cytochrome C from its binding to the mitochondrial membrane, allowing it to participate in the apoptotic signal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IAPs (Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins) regulate the apoptotic signal by inhibiting the activity of caspases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytochrome C binding to Apaf-1 promotes the formation of the Apoptosome, which is necessary for the progression of the apoptotic signal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Procaspase 9 is activated to form caspase 9, which is necessary for the formation of the Apoptosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cleaves and activates caspases 3, 6, and 7, initiating the caspase cascade</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genomic DNA degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Initiation of the caspase cascade</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disruption of the cytoskeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of the Apoptosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Execution of apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Involved in the activation cascade of caspases responsible for apoptosis execution</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of the Apoptosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activation of sterol regulatory element binding proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA fragmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gelsolin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transmission of the death signal through the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transmission of the death signal through the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activation of pro-apoptotic proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transmission of the death signal through the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Packaging and degradation of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of the Apoptosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>200 base pair units</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Execution of the apoptotic signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of membrane blebs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of the apoptosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activation of caspase 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cleavage of cytoskeletal proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Release of cytochrome C from the mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It releases cytochrome C from its anchor, allowing for progression of the apoptotic signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It cleaves ICAD, producing CAD, which is responsible for DNA fragmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It requires the addition of cytochrome C to form the Apoptosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It activates procaspase 9, leading to the progression of the apoptotic signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It mediates cytoskeletal reorganization and disintegration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They inhibit the activation of procaspase 9</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It leads to the activation of caspase 3, allowing for DNA fragmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is required for the formation of the Apoptosome through the intrinsic pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liquefactive necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gangrenous necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leakage of cellular contents</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fat necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Morphology of necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fibrinoid necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Procaspase – Non-active caspases containing inhibitory domains Cytochrome C – Key protein in progression of intrinsic apoptotic pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Caspase-8 and caspase-9 Capases 2 and caspase 10</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They initiate the caspase cascade, triggering the apoptotic pathway.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cleaving and activating other caspases, and degrading cytoskeletal and nuclear proteins, ultimately leading to apoptotic cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Involves the activation of caspase-8</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Release of cytochrome c</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytochrome c, Apaf-1, and Caspase-9</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bcl-xL and Bcl-2/ bAX AND Bak</p> Signup and view all the answers