Cell Cycle Test Flashcards

Questions and Answers

How does the cell membrane regulate what happens inside of the cell?

Cell growth & division

How does the SA:V ratio change as the size of the cube changes?

As the size of the cube decreases, the SA:V ratio increases. As the size of the cube increases, the SA:V ratio decreases.

How does the shape of the object affect the SA:V ratio?

The shape can affect the SA:V ratio depending on if it allows for a large amount of surface area and/or volume. Cubes offer better ratios than spheres.

How does the surface area to volume ratio affect diffusion time in a cell?

As the SA:V ratio gets smaller, the diffusion time is longer; as the SA:V ratio gets larger, the diffusion time is shorter. Signup and view all the answers

Identify a cell structure that would allow for the maximum volume with the minimum diffusion time.

Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

Find an example of a prokaryote and a eukaryote that reproduce using asexual reproduction.

Prokaryote: Bacteria; Eukaryote: Protists Signup and view all the answers

What are the advantages and disadvantages of both sexual and asexual reproduction?

Advantages of sexual: genetic variation, mate selection; Advantages of asexual: no mate needed, quick, requires less energy; Disadvantages of sexual: energy, time, hard to find mates; Disadvantages of asexual: no genetic variation. Signup and view all the answers

Why is cell division considered reproduction for some organisms, but not for others?

Cell division creates more specific cells rather than just copies. Signup and view all the answers

Write instructions to build a eukaryotic chromosome.

<ol> <li>Find a double helix strand of DNA and wrap it into a coil. 2. Wrap it around histone proteins. 3. Combine individual coils to make a supercoil. 4. Continue to coil and wrap to make the chromosome.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is a centromere?

The center of the chromosome where the sister chromatids connect. Signup and view all the answers

Explain why an organized chromosome structure is an important adaptation for eukaryotic organisms.

It improves the efficiency of processes, ensuring genetic material is passed on and kept organized. Signup and view all the answers

What is binary fission?

A process where a cell duplicates its DNA and divides into two new cells. Signup and view all the answers

How does cell division differ between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

Eukaryotic cells divide using spindles and centromeres; prokaryotic division is faster and does not involve condensation of nuclear material. Signup and view all the answers

Describe how a eukaryotic cell's chromosomes change as a cell prepares to divide.

Chromosomes become attached to spindles as genetic material condenses and becomes visible. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of spindle fibers?

They align and separate the chromosomes during mitosis. Signup and view all the answers

What organelles replicate during G2?

The nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts replicate during G2. Signup and view all the answers

How does plant cytokinesis differ from animal cell cytokinesis?

In plant cytokinesis, a cell plate forms to develop into cell membrane; in animal cell cytokinesis, the cytoplasm divides to form two daughter cells. Signup and view all the answers

How is the cell cycle regulated?

Cells grow until they contact other cells; the cell cycle is controlled by cyclins. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of proteins that regulate the cell cycle?

Internal: respond to events inside the cell; External: respond to events outside the cell. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Membrane Regulation

Cell membrane controls internal cell environment influencing growth and division.

Surface Area to Volume Ratio

As cube size decreases, surface area to volume (SA:V) ratio increases; larger cubes result in a decreased SA:V ratio.
Shape impacts SA:V ratio; cubes provide better ratios than spheres.

Diffusion Time and SA:V Ratio

Smaller SA:V ratios lead to longer diffusion times; larger ratios result in shorter diffusion times.

Optimal Cell Structure for Volume and Diffusion

Mitochondria maximize volume while minimizing diffusion time.

Asexual Reproduction Examples

Prokaryote example: Bacteria
Eukaryote example: Protists

Reproduction Advantages and Disadvantages

Sexual reproduction: advantages include genetic variation and mate selection; disadvantages involve energy costs and time.
Asexual reproduction: advantages include rapid reproduction without a mate; disadvantage lacks genetic variation.

Cell Division as Reproduction

For some organisms, cell division leads to mere cell replication, while in others, it results in the generation of entirely new organisms.

Building a Eukaryotic Chromosome

DNA strand coils, wraps around histone proteins, forming a supercoil, which further coils to create the chromosome structure.

Centromere Function

The centromere is the chromosome's central region where sister chromatids connect.

Importance of Organized Chromosome Structure

Organized chromosome structures enable efficient processes, ensure proper genetic material distribution, and confine DNA within a limited space.

Binary Fission Process

DNA duplicates, membrane indents, and divides, forming two new cellular entities.

Differences in Cell Division

Eukaryotic cells utilize spindles and centromeres during division; prokaryotic division is faster and does not condense nuclear material.

Chromosome Changes During Division

Chromosomes attach to spindle fibers, condense, and become visible as the cell prepares to divide.

Role of Spindle Fibers

Spindle fibers align and separate chromosomes during mitosis.

Organelles Replicating in G2 Phase

Organelle replication in G2 involves the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, all containing DNA.

Cytokinesis in Plant vs Animal Cells

In animals, cytokinesis divides cytoplasm forming daughter cells; in plants, a cell plate develops into the cell membrane.

Regulation of the Cell Cycle

Cell growth occurs until contact with other cells; cyclins regulate the timing of the cell cycle.

Types of Cell Cycle Regulators

Internal proteins respond to internal cell events like checkpoints.
External proteins react to external events, influencing the speed of the cell cycle.

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Description

This quiz focuses on key concepts related to the cell cycle, including cell membrane functions, surface area to volume ratio, and the impact of shape on these ratios. Prepare to test your understanding of how these factors influence cellular processes and growth. Ideal for students studying biology and cell biology fundamentals.