Cell Cycle Regulation Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What happens to the Retinoblastoma Protein when it is phosphorylated?

  • It remains inactive.
  • It damages DNA.
  • It acts positively. (correct)
  • It becomes a tumor promoter.

Which protein is primarily involved in monitoring DNA damage and regulating cell growth?

  • P53 (correct)
  • Rb
  • Cyclin-dependent kinase
  • P21

What role does P21 play in the cell cycle?

  • It inhibits cell cycle progression. (correct)
  • It enhances cellular respiration.
  • It repairs damaged DNA.
  • It promotes phosphorylation of Rb.

What is the consequence of hypoxia on cellular function?

<p>Damage to cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the production of P21?

<p>P53 recruitment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three stages of interphase?

<p>Gap 1, Synthesis, Gap 2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of cell division?

<p>To produce two daughter cells from a parent cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is interphase longer compared to the mitotic phase?

<p>Interphase involves DNA duplication and preparation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must occur for a cell to successfully move from interphase to the mitotic phase?

<p>All internal and external conditions must be met (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the Synthesis stage of interphase?

<p>DNA is duplicated (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phase of the cell cycle is characterized by the cell's normal growth processes and preparation for division?

<p>G1 Phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle?

<p>DNA replication takes place (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of centrosomes in cell division?

<p>Organize microtubules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following checkpoints assesses the integrity of DNA and cell size before mitosis?

<p>G2 Checkpoint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are oncogenes related to cancer development?

<p>They are mutated proto-oncogenes that promote uncontrolled cell division (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which phase do centrioles assist in organizing cell division?

<p>M Phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protein is essential for transitioning the cell from the G1 phase to the S phase?

<p>Retinoblastoma Protein (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a characteristic of apoptosis?

<p>Cell division is promoted (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the G0 phase play in the cell cycle?

<p>Cells remain quiescent and may re-enter the cycle later (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell division results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell?

<p>Meiosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is critical for the assembly of the mitotic spindle?

<p>Microtubules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure assists in the separation of sister chromatids during anaphase?

<p>Mitotic spindle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the cell cycle is vital for accumulating energy and synthesizing proteins necessary for chromosome manipulation?

<p>G2 Phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Phosphorylated Rb Protein

The retinoblastoma protein, when phosphorylated, acts to support cell division.

P53 Role

P53 monitors DNA damage and controls cell growth.

P21 Function

P21 halts cell cycle progression.

Hypoxia Cell Damage

A lack of oxygen (hypoxia) harms cells.

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P21 Trigger

P53 activates P21 production.

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Interphase Stages

Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases.

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Cell Division Purpose

Cell division creates two identical daughter cells from a parent cell.

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Interphase vs. Mitosis

Interphase is longer than mitosis due to DNA duplication.

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Cell Cycle Transition Conditions

Interphase to mitosis transition needs proper conditions internally and externally.

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Synthesis Stage

DNA is duplicated during the S phase.

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G1 Phase

G1: Normal growth and preparation for division are prominent in G1.

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S Phase Process

DNA replication is the key event of S phase.

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Centrosome Role

Centrosomes help organize microtubules.

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G2 Checkpoint

DNA integrity and cell size check before mitosis happens during the G2 checkpoint.

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Oncogenes and Cancer

Mutated proto-oncogenes cause uncontrolled cell division, linked to cancer.

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Centriole Role (M Phase)

Centrioles aid in cell division organization during mitosis.

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Rb in Cell Cycle

The retinoblastoma protein is involved in regulating the transition from G1 to S phase.

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Apoptosis Characteristic

Apoptosis is the programmed cell death, not cell division.

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G0 Phase

G0 phase is when cells are quiescent, not dividing.

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Meiosis Result

Meiosis produces four daughter cells, each with half the parent's chromosomes.

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Mitotic Spindle Component

Microtubules are essential for forming the mitotic spindle.

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Sister Chromatid Separation

The mitotic spindle facilitates separation of sister chromatids.

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G2 Phase Function

Energy accumulation and protein synthesis are key in G2 for chromosome manipulation.

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Study Notes

Negative Regulation

  • Hypoxia causes damage to cells because cells need oxygen for cellular respiration.
  • DNA is composed primarily of oxygen.

Retinoblastoma Protein

  • A group of tumor suppressor proteins common in many cells.
  • Negative if it is not phosphorylated.
  • Positive if it is phosphorylated.

P53 and P21

  • P53 and P21 are proteins in kilodaltons.
  • These proteins were damaged or nonfunctional in cells that replicate uncontrollably.
  • They primarily act in the G1 checkpoint when damaged DNAs were detected.

P53

  • Recruits enzymes to repair DNA and trigger the production of p21.
  • Halts the cell cycle by inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinase and preventing Rb phosphorylation.
  • Regulates cell growth and monitors DNA damage.
  • Halts progression of the cell cycle.

P21

  • Binds with CDK and prevents Rb phosphorylation
  • Inhibits cell cycle.
  • Levels are controlled by P53.

Nitrogen Bases

  • Composition of amino acids that can manipulate DNA.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the key proteins involved in cell cycle regulation, including P53, P21, and the role of retinoblastoma protein. This quiz also covers the effects of hypoxia on cellular respiration and DNA composition. Challenge yourself to see how well you understand these critical cellular processes.

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