Lecture 2+3: Cell Cycle Regulation and Cancer Development + transcriptional regulation
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Lecture 2+3: Cell Cycle Regulation and Cancer Development + transcriptional regulation

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Questions and Answers

Which stage of the cell cycle is characterized by cells remaining metabolically active but not proliferating?

  • G0 phase (correct)
  • G2 phase
  • M phase
  • G1 phase

    • During which stage of mitosis do the chromosomes line up along the center of the cell?

  • Prophase
  • Metaphase (correct)
  • Telophase
  • Anaphase

    • Which phase of the cell cycle involves cell growth and preparation for DNA replication?

  • S phase
  • G2 phase
  • G1 phase (correct)
  • M phase

    • What is the major checkpoint in mammalian cells between G1 and S phases?

    <p>Checkpoint to determine if it is appropriate to divide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Metaphase-to-Anaphase transition checkpoint?

    <p>To ensure all chromatids are properly attached to spindles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme phosphorylates other proteins or DNA in the cell?

    <p>Kinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cyclins in the cell cycle?

    <p>Control cell progression by activating Cdks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase does DNA get synthesized in the cell cycle?

    <p>Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cell cycle is most relevant to cancer therapy?

    <p>Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase of the cell cycle do cells divide at different rates?

    <p>Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cell cycle involves ~1 hour in M phase and ~12 hours in S Phase in fast-growing human cells?

    <p>Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein as described in the text?

    <p>Promoting sequestering of E2F</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is targeted for ubiquitylation and destruction by the SCF complex?

    <p>CKIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of c-myc in cancer development?

    <p>Serving as a powerful proto-oncogene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the SCF complex target specific proteins for ubiquitylation?

    <p>Via phosphorylation of specific amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the SCF complex in the cell cycle?

    <p>Targets proteins for degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the p53 protein contribute to cell cycle control?

    <p>Halts mitosis at the G2 checkpoint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of tumor suppressor genes in the cell cycle?

    <p>Prevent uncontrolled cell growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the function of Ubiquitinases in the cell cycle?

    <p>Tag proteins for degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of tumor suppressor genes in the cell cycle?

    <p>Inhibit uncontrolled passage through the cell cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is p53 protein involved in preventing cancer?

    <p>Triggering apoptosis in cells with damaged DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of an oncogene in cancer development?

    <p>Regulate normal cell cycle progression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Ubiquitinases contribute to cell cycle regulation?

    <p>Regulate protein levels by targeted degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is encoded by only 1.5% of the entire human genome according to the text?

    <p>20,000 protein-coding genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In E. coli, how many subunits does the RNA polymerase consist of?

    <p>4 subunits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor that cells need to regulate in order to respond to a changing environment according to the text?

    <p>Expression of genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cells avoid the inefficiency of using 20,000 different polymerases for gene expression?

    <p>By using a single RNA polymerase with 4 subunits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does acetylation of histones affect the transcriptional barrier?

    <p>Weakens the transcriptional barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for placing acetyl groups on histones?

    <p>Histone acetyl transferase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of methylation on DNA transcription?

    <p>Strengthens the transcriptional barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are most transcription factors translocated into the nucleus?

    <p>After activation and translocation from the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cAMP in turning on the lac operon in E. coli?

    <p>It binds to the CAP protein, initiating an allosteric change that allows it to associate with DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the lac operon turned off in E. coli?

    <p>Binding of lactose metabolite to the repressor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can turning off a gene be pharmacologically exploited in treating cancer?

    <p>Turning off genes that are causing inappropriate cell cycle progression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In gene regulation, what does it mean to turn on a gene?

    <p>Recruiting an active polymerase to the promoter to increase transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of regulating gene expression for pharmacology?

    <p>To target specific genes and proteins for therapeutic purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the lactose operon in E.coli, what does it mean to 'turn-off' a gene?

    <p>To prevent transcription of genes involved in lactose utilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can turning off a gene be exploited pharmacologically to treat diseases like cancer?

    <p>By inhibiting overactive signaling pathways related to cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates cell-to-cell and species-to-species variations?

    <p>The combination of genes that are expressed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is gene expression related to pharmacology based on the text?

    <p>Pharmacological changes in gene expression can lead to therapeutic benefits as seen in cancer treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the regulatory mechanism of the lactose (lac) operon in E. coli according to the text?

    <p>Positive and negative regulation both play a role</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can gene expression be pharmacologically exploited for treating cancer according to the text?

    <p>By altering gene expression to achieve therapeutic benefits in cancer treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to gene regulation when transcription factors are translocated into the nucleus from the cytoplasm?

    <p>Transcription factors interact with DNA leading to changes in gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event triggers the upregulation of cAMP in bacteria to activate the lac operon?

    <p>Low glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the lac operon activated when lactose is present in bacteria?

    <p>Lactose metabolite binding to a repressor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In gene regulation, what does it mean to turn off a gene?

    <p>Preventing an active polymerase from binding the promoter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can turning on a gene be pharmacologically exploited to treat diseases like cancer?

    <p>Turning on a gene that halts cell cycle progression</p> Signup and view all the answers

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