Cell Cycle Phases

<p>Unregulated cell growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Binding to Cyclin B and preventing import into the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Screening the genome for DNA damage and regulating the cell cycle accordingly</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phosphorylation of p53 and CHK1 and CHK2</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consolidating the cell cycle before progressing to M phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To grow in size and synthesise mRNA and proteins required for DNA synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A resting state where the cell is not actively trying to divide</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To regulate the progression of the cell cycle through sequential increased expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To detect DNA damage and promote repair mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>P53</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To detect DNA damage and promote repair mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cell cycle is arrested and DNA repair mechanisms are promoted</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A protein that works in tandem with P53 to serve as a quality assurance checkpoint</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are small and hydrophobic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A conformational change in the receptor leading to activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To regulate the rate of gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ligand binding domain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellular response</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To bind signalling molecules and induce a response</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The actual need of the cell in response to the external stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Signal transduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To amplify the signal through a step-by-step process</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To amplify the signal through a step-by-step process</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To control the progression of the signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To act as a secondary messenger molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To act as a secondary messenger molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent over-activation of the signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Signal amplification</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To act as a secondary messenger molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellular response</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Binding to host DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A highly variable amino terminal domain, a central conserved DNA binding domain, and a conserved carboxy-terminal ligand binding domain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dissociation of a heat shock protein (HSP) from the nuclear receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the cytosol or nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Binding to the host DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>48</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary function of the G1 phase is for the cell to grow in size, synthesise mRNA and proteins required for DNA synthesis. This phase is crucial for preparing the cell for DNA replication in the S phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cyclins are proteins that regulate the cell cycle by controlling the progression from one phase to the next. They do this by binding to and activating CDKs (cyclin-dependent kinases), which then phosphorylate and activate other proteins involved in the cell cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The G1/S checkpoint is a quality control mechanism that ensures the cell's genome is intact before allowing it to enter the S phase. If DNA damage is detected, the checkpoint arrests the cell cycle and activates DNA repair mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>p53 is a tumour suppressor protein that serves as a quality assurance checkpoint for cells wanting to progress from the G1 to S phase. It works in tandem with MDM2 and ATM to regulate the cell cycle and ensure genome integrity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The G2/M checkpoint is a quality control mechanism that ensures the cell's DNA is properly replicated and ready for mitosis. It differs from the G1/S checkpoint in that it occurs after DNA replication and focuses on ensuring the accuracy of the genetic material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATM (Ataxia telangiectasia mutated) is a serine/threonine kinase that plays a central role in responding to DNA damage. It phosphorylates and activates p53, which then regulates the cell cycle and ensures genome integrity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The G0 phase is a resting state where the cell is not actively trying to divide and is instead focused on maintaining normal cellular functions. The G1 phase, on the other hand, is a period of cell growth and preparation for DNA replication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell cycle checkpoints are quality control mechanisms that ensure the cell cycle progresses only if certain conditions are met. They monitor for DNA damage, genetic integrity, and other factors to ensure the cell is prepared for the next phase of the cell cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>p53 ensures DNA integrity by phosphorylating CHK1 and 2, halting cell cycle progression. If DNA damage is not detected, it becomes the new 'template' for healthy DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATM/ATR screens the genome for single-strand breaks, leading to p53 phosphorylation, which promotes transcription of pro-apoptotic factors and cell cycle arrest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>14-3-3α binds to CDK/Cyclin B complex, preventing its import into the nucleus and mitosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The G2/M checkpoint arrests the cell cycle, allowing for DNA repair mechanisms to repair damage before progressing to mitosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>p53 phosphorylation promotes transcription of pro-apoptotic factors and cell cycle arrest, ensuring genomic stability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CHK1 and CHK2 phosphorylation halts cell cycle progression by phosphorylating Cdc25 phosphatases, preventing CDK1 activation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>p21 arrests the cell cycle, allowing for DNA repair mechanisms to repair damage before progressing to mitosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The G1/S checkpoint arrests the cell cycle, allowing for DNA repair mechanisms to repair damage before progressing to S phase. If DNA damage is not detected, it becomes the new 'template' for healthy DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows them to move through the plasma membrane unimpeded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through conformational change within the receptor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are regions of receptors capable of forming temporary non-covalent bonds with signalling molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The actual need of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intracellular signal transduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through tightly regulated transcriptional regulatory elements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To bind signalling molecules and trigger signal transduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It triggers signal reception and transduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary mechanism is the number of steps involved in cell signalling, which provides multiple checkpoints. This is significant because it allows cells to control the activation of certain pathways and prevent over-activation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The purpose is to amplify the signal, and the consequence is signal amplification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secondary messengers are vital components of some signalling pathways, and examples include Calcium, cAMP, cGMP, and Inositol triphosphate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The purpose is to prevent over-activation of the signal, and the consequence of not doing so would be over-activation of the signal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phosphorylation is a post-translational modification that controls the progression of the signal, and its significance lies in the regulation of protein activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteins within the pathway are changed in some capacity, allowing them to transmit the signal. This transmission is significant because it ensures the signal reaches the response elements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The step-by-step process allows for the signal to be amplified and regulated, and it relates to signal transduction by transmitting the signal from the receptor to the response elements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inositol triphosphate is a secondary messenger molecule that plays a crucial role in cell signalling, and it relates to other secondary messenger molecules by functioning in conjunction with them to transmit the signal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This binding allows the signal to be transmitted to the response elements, ultimately leading to a cellular response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nuclear receptors directly regulate transcription by binding directly to host DNA, and are able to activate or repress gene expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type 1 nuclear receptors have a highly variable amino terminal domain, a central conserved DNA binding domain, and a conserved carboxy-terminal ligand binding domain. Ligand binding in the cytosol results in the disassociation of heat shock proteins, which serves as the regulator of the nuclear receptor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The final stage of cell signalling is the cellular response, where the signal reaches the response elements and leads to a response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ligand binding in the cytosol results in the disassociation of heat shock proteins, which serves as the regulator of the nuclear receptor, ultimately leading to the regulation of gene expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nuclear receptors directly regulate transcription by binding directly to host DNA, and are able to activate or repress gene expression. They have a common structure, comprising of a highly variable amino terminal domain, a central conserved DNA binding domain, and a conserved carboxy-terminal ligand binding domain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This binding allows the signal to be transmitted to the response elements, ultimately leading to a cellular response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ion Channel Linked Receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conformational change in the receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrophilic interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To orient the ligand correctly within the receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intracellular Receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dissociation constant (Kd)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To predict the binding of a ligand to a receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enzyme Coupled Receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To form temporary non-covalent bonds with signalling molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conformational change within receptors, activating its function</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The actual need of the cell in response to external stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Signal transduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are small and hydrophobic, able to move through the plasma membrane unimpeded</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To initiate signal transduction pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To transduce signals from ligand binding to cellular responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are small and hydrophobic, able to move through the plasma membrane unimpeded</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To phosphorylate the receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To remove phosphates and deactivate the receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ligand binding does not induce phosphorylation of the receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To anchor the receptor to the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The permeability of the membrane to sodium ions increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recruitment of cell signaling intermediates</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are the most diverse group of receptors, involved in response to a wide variety of signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To interact with cell signaling intermediates</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellular response</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They act as molecular switches</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It anchors the receptor in the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activation of the G-protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is involved in signal transduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are distinct domains of the G-protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ion Channel linked receptors are involved in response to a narrow variety of signals, while G-protein coupled receptors are involved in response to a wide variety of signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The receptor undergoes a conformational change, activating the protein channel</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To facilitate downstream signaling via enzyme-linked activation of intermediate complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It hydrolyzes GTP, releasing a phosphate and returning to the resting state</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enzyme-coupled receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It moves to the receptor, inducing a conformational change</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The receptor acts as an enzyme, catalyzing specific reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The alpha subunit releases a phosphate, returning to the resting state</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To bind ligands, inducing a conformational change and activating the protein channel</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are small and hydrophobic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conformational change within receptors activating its function</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ligand binding domain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The actual need of the cell in response to the external stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Signal transduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To transduce the signal to downstream effectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellular response</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To regulate gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of RTK dimers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To remove phosphates and deactivate the receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ligand binding leads to phosphorylation of the receptor in RTKs, but not in non-receptor tyrosine kinase receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Signal transduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To recruit cell signalling intermediates</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ligand binding extracellular domain, single transmembrane alpha helix, and cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activation of the tyrosine kinase domain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enzyme coupled receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polar interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conformational change within the receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>G-protein coupled receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dissociation constant (Kd)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intracellular receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dissociation constant (Kd)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To predict the interaction points between the ligand and receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It releases Ca2+ into the cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It activates protein kinase C (PKC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It degrades phosphatidyl inositol (PTI) into DAG and IP3</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It activates PPC, leading to IP3 and DAG production</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is activated by diacyl glycerol (DAG) and calcium ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It releases Ca2+ into the cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>G-Protein Coupled Receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is degraded by phospholipase C (PPC) into DAG and IP3</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To activate the protein channel</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It returns the receptor to its resting state</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They act as enzymes themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To facilitate downstream signaling via enzyme-linked activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RTKs are enzyme-coupled receptors, while non-RTKs are G-protein coupled receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To transmit signals from the receptor to downstream effectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It returns the receptor to its resting state</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They facilitate downstream signaling via enzyme-linked activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type I = Bind to ligands in the cytosol and then translocate to the nucleus Type II = Bind to ligands in the nucleus Type III = Bind to ligands in the cytosol and then translocate to the nucleus Type IV = Require an additional protein to bind to DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endocrine Signalling = Signalling that occurs over long distances through the bloodstream Paracrine Signalling = Signalling that occurs between nearby cells Autocrine Signalling = Signalling that occurs within a single cell Juxtacrine Signalling = Signalling that occurs through direct cell-cell contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA binding domain = Binds to specific DNA sequences Ligand binding domain = Binds to hormone molecules Dimerization domain = Allows receptors to form dimers Transactivation domain = Recruits coactivator proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Membrane bound ligands = Found on one cell and interact with membrane bound receptors on adjacent cells Communicating junctions = Allow for direct communication and transport of small molecules between cells Notch signalling = A highly conserved cell signalling pathway present in most eukaryotic cells Extracellular matrix glycoprotein = Interacts with membrane protein to facilitate signalling</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Steroid receptors = Bind to steroids and interact with response elements Thyroid receptors = Bind to thyroid hormones and interact with response elements Retinoid receptors = Bind to vitamin A derivatives and interact with response elements Orphan receptors = Have no known ligand</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endocrine Signalling = Long-distance signalling through hormones Paracrine Signalling = Short-distance signalling between nearby cells Autocrine Signalling = Signalling within a single cell Juxtacrine Signalling = Direct cell-cell contact signalling</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gene activation = Results in changed cell function Transcriptional regulation = Regulates gene expression Ligand binding = Triggers receptor activation Dimerization = Allows receptors to bind to DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Membrane bound ligands = Direct interaction between cells through membrane bound proteins Communicating junctions = Direct cell-cell communication through gap junctions Notch signalling = Signalling pathway that regulates cell fate decisions Cell adhesion molecules = Mediate cell-cell adhesion and signalling</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type 1 = Ligand binding in the cytosol results in disassociation of a heat shock protein (HSP) Type 2 = Ligand binding in the nucleus results in activation of nuclear receptors Type 3 = Ligand binding in the cytosol results in activation of nuclear receptors Type 4 = Ligand binding in the nucleus results in disassociation of a heat shock protein (HSP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Juxtacrine signalling = Signal is transmitted through direct cell-cell contact Endocrine Signalling = Signal is transmitted through the bloodstream to reach distant cells Paracrine Signalling = Signal is transmitted through the bloodstream to reach nearby cells Autocrine signalling = Signal is transmitted through the bloodstream to reach the same cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amino terminal domain = Highly variable region DNA binding domain = Conserved region that binds to host DNA Ligand binding domain = Conserved region that binds to ligand Carboxy-terminal domain = Region that regulates transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type 1 = Regulation of gene transcription Type 2 = Regulation of cell growth Type 3 = Regulation of cell division Type 4 = Regulation of apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellular response = The final stage where the signal reaches the response elements Signal reception = The stage where the signal binds to the receptor Signal transduction = The stage where the signal is transmitted through the cytosol Signal integration = The stage where the signal is integrated with other signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type 1 = Ligand binding in the cytosol results in disassociation of a heat shock protein (HSP) Type 2 = Ligand binding in the nucleus results in activation of nuclear receptors Type 3 = Ligand binding in the cytosol results in activation of nuclear receptors Type 4 = Ligand binding in the nucleus results in disassociation of a heat shock protein (HSP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulation of gene transcription = Directly regulate gene transcription by binding to host DNA Regulation of cell growth = Regulate cell growth by activating or inhibiting signaling pathways Regulation of cell division = Regulate cell division by controlling the cell cycle Regulation of apoptosis = Regulate cell death by activating or inhibiting signaling pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Juxtacrine signalling = Direct cell-cell contact Endocrine Signalling = Signal transmission through the bloodstream Paracrine Signalling = Signal transmission through the bloodstream to nearby cells Autocrine signalling = Signal transmission through the bloodstream to the same cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type 1 = Ligand binds in the cytosol, then translocates to the nucleus Type 2 = Ligand binds in the nucleus Type 3 = Heterodimers are formed with RXR Type 4 = Homodimers are formed with RXR</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endocrine Signalling = Signalling molecules are released into the bloodstream Paracrine Signalling = Signalling molecules are released into the surrounding tissue Juxtacrine Signalling = Signalling molecules are released directly into adjacent cells Autocrine Signalling = Signalling molecules act on the same cell that produced them</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ligand Binding Domain (LBD) = Forms temporary non-covalent bonds with signalling molecules DNA Binding Domain (DBD) = Binds to specific DNA sequences Dimerization Domain = Forms dimers with other nuclear receptors Transcriptional Activation Domain = Recruits transcriptional coactivators</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Steroids = Small hydrophobic molecules that can diffuse through the plasma membrane Peptides = Large hydrophilic molecules that require a membrane receptor Amino Acids = Small hydrophilic molecules that can bind to membrane receptors Gases = Small molecules that can diffuse through the plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Signal Reception = Ligand binding to receptor Signal Transduction = Intermediates are activated to transmit the signal Cellular Response = Final response to the signal is generated Signal Termination = Signal is terminated to prevent further response</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type 4 = Estrogen receptors Type 1 = Retinoic acid receptors Type 2 = Thyroid hormone receptors Type 3 = Vitamin D receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endocrine Signalling = Insulin regulating blood sugar levels Paracrine Signalling = Histamine released during allergic reactions Juxtacrine Signalling = Notch signalling during cell-cell contact Autocrine Signalling = Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ligand = Binds to receptor to initiate signalling Receptor = Binds to ligand to initiate signalling Signal Transduction Pathway = Transmits signal from receptor to response elements Response Elements = Binds to transcription factors to regulate gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type I = Bind to ligands in the cytosol and then translocate to the nucleus Type II = Bind to ligands in the nucleus Type III = Require heterodimerization with RXR for activity Type IV = Bind to ligands in the cytosol and then translocate to the nucleus as homodimers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Juxtacrine = Signal transmission through direct cell-cell contact Endocrine = Hormone signaling over long distances Paracrine = Local signaling between nearby cells Autocrine = Self-stimulation of cell signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Estrogen receptor = Estrogen Thyroid receptor = Thyroid hormone Retinoic acid receptor = Retinoic acid Glucocorticoid receptor = Glucocorticoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cyclic AMP = Secondary messenger in cell signaling Inositol triphosphate = Releases calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum Diacyl glycerol = Activates protein kinase C Calcium = Involved in protein kinase C activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autocrine = Cell surface receptors Paracrine = Cell surface receptors Endocrine = Intracellular receptors Juxtacrine = Cell surface receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Estrogen receptor = DNA binding domain Thyroid receptor = Ligand binding domain Retinoic acid receptor = DNA binding domain Glucocorticoid receptor = Ligand binding domain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>G-protein coupled receptor = Signal transduction through G-proteins Receptor tyrosine kinase = Signal transduction through phosphorylation Nuclear receptor = Gene regulation through transcription Cytokine receptor = Signal transduction through JAK/STAT pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>p53 = Regulation of cell growth and DNA repair Cyclin = Regulation of cell cycle progression CHK1 = Regulation of cell cycle checkpoints ATM = Detection of DNA damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endocrine Signalling = Signaling molecules act on distant cells Paracrine Signalling = Signaling molecules act on nearby cells Autocrine Signalling = Signaling molecules act on the same cell Juxtacrine Signalling = Signaling molecules act on adjacent cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type I Nuclear Receptors = Bind to ligands in the cytosol and then translocate to the nucleus Type II Nuclear Receptors = Already in the nucleus, bound to DNA, waiting for ligand Type III Nuclear Receptors = Bind to ligands in the nucleus Type IV Nuclear Receptors = Bind to ligands in the cytosol and then translocate to the nucleus with the help of chaperone proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hormones = Endocrine Signalling Cytokines = Paracrine Signalling Growth Factors = Autocrine Signalling Neurotransmitters = Juxtacrine Signalling</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Form heterodimers with RXR = Type II Nuclear Receptors Bind to ligands in the cytosol = Type I Nuclear Receptors Already in the nucleus, bound to DNA = Type II Nuclear Receptors Bind to ligands in the nucleus = Type III Nuclear Receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endocrine Signalling = Insulin signaling from pancreas to liver Paracrine Signalling = Signaling between neurons in the brain Autocrine Signalling = Platelet-derived growth factor signaling Juxtacrine Signalling = Signaling between adjacent endothelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hormones = Endocrine Signalling Growth Factors = Autocrine Signalling Cytokines = Paracrine Signalling Neurotransmitters = Juxtacrine Signalling</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bind to DNA as monomers = Type I Nuclear Receptors Bind to DNA as heterodimers = Type II Nuclear Receptors Bind to DNA as homodimers = Type III Nuclear Receptors Bind to DNA as monomers, homodimers or heterodimers = Type IV Nuclear Receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers