Cell Cycle Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is meiosis?

Formation of reproductive cells (egg and sperm)

What is asexual reproduction?

Production of offspring from one parent

What type of cell division does asexual reproduction use?

Mitosis

What does asexual reproduction produce?

<p>Genetically identical cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is there genetic diversity in asexual reproduction?

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the five types of asexual reproduction?

<p>Binary fission, spores, vegetative propagation, regeneration, cloning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the new individual cell made during sexual reproduction called?

<p>A zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is meiosis considered asexual reproduction?

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meiosis the formation of?

<p>An egg or a sperm that will be used during reproduction by forming a zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during mitosis?

<p>A singular nucleus divides into two identical nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does meiosis result in?

<p>4 haploid daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is missing from the table?

<p>Asexual reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Cell cycle aka?

<p>Mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is the cell cycle a series of individual steps?

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main divisions of the cell cycle?

<p>Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokineses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the longest division of the cell cycle?

<p>Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is interphase divided into?

<p>G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phase of the cell cycle does the cell never leave?

<p>G0 phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is mitosis divided into?

<p>Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cytokinesis?

<p>Division of the cytoplasm and organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

What all happens during the G1 phase?

<p>The cell is obtaining nutrients, synthesizing RNA, producing proteins, and growing in size</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the longest period of Interphase?

<p>G1 phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phase of interphase is when chromatin duplicated?

<p>S Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is each piece of duplicated chromatin held together by?

<p>Centromere</p> Signup and view all the answers

This follows anaphase

<p>Telophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Made up of the G1, S and G2 phases

<p>Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cleavage furrow forms during this portion of the cell cycle

<p>Cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Formation of the cell plate in plants occurs during this portion of the cell cycle

<p>Cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is this

<p>The cleavage furrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

Spindle fibers disappear during this phase

<p>Telophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nitrogen base that always binds to guanine

<p>Cytosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phase of the cell cycle which occurs after cytokinesis

<p>Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phase during which centriols move to opposite sides of the cell

<p>Prophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

2N

<p>Diploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phase of the cell cycle which occurs after mitosis

<p>Cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

This pair of sex chromosomes is found in a female

<p>XX</p> Signup and view all the answers

Portion of interphase during which DNA is copied

<p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Portion of interphase during which cells grow in size

<p>G1 phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Longest period of interphase

<p>G1 phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Type of reproduction that results in genetically identical cells

<p>Asexual reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Portion of interphase during which to cell prepares for division

<p>G2 phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phase where chromatin begins to coil into chromosomes attached at the centromere

<p>Prophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chromosomes are found in this part of the cell

<p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Spindle fibers shorten and sister chromosomes are drawn to opposite poles in this phase

<p>Anaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Division of the nucleus

<p>Mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Two of these are attached by a centromere

<p>Chromatids</p> Signup and view all the answers

Division of the cytoplasm

<p>Cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Term used to describe the center of the cell when chromosomes are lined up

<p>Metaphase plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phase where the spindle apparatus forms in animal cells

<p>Prophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phase where chromosomes move to the center of the cell

<p>Metaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Time interval between cell divisions

<p>Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phase of the cell cycle which follows interphase

<p>Mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Term used to describe the non-dividing phase of muscle and nerve cells

<p>G0</p> Signup and view all the answers

Used by cells to guide the separation of sister chromatids into two daughter cells

<p>Spindle apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nitrogenous base that always bind to thymine

<p>Adenine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cell division resulting in daughter cell being much smaller than parent

<p>Budding</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phase used for karyotyping cells

<p>Metaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ratio which helps determine when a cell should divide

<p>Volume: surface area</p> Signup and view all the answers

Term used to describe cell division in prokaryotes

<p>Binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phase during which centromeres divide

<p>Anaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nuclear envelopes reassemble during this phase

<p>Telophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Non-sex chromosomes

<p>Autosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Photograph showing all the chromosomes in a person's body

<p>Karyotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diploid number in human

<p>46 chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is chromatin or chromosomes present in G1 interphase?

<p>Chromatin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is chromatin or chromosomes present in S phase?

<p>Chromatin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is chromatin or chromosomes present in cytokinesis?

<p>Chromatin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is the DNA joined or individual in G1 Interphase?

<p>Individual (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is the DNA joined or individual in Prophase?

<p>Joined (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is the DNA joined or individual in Cytokinesis?

<p>Individual (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many nuclei are present in G1 interphase?

<p>2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many nuclei are present in Prophase?

<p>0 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Meiosis

The process of converting a diploid cell to a haploid gamete, causing genetic variation in offspring.

Asexual Reproduction

The production of offspring from a single parent, resulting in genetically identical offspring.

Mitosis

The type of cell division used in asexual reproduction.

Genetic Identity in Asexual Reproduction

The offspring produced by asexual reproduction are genetically identical to the parent.

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Genetic Diversity in Asexual Reproduction

No genetic diversity exists in asexual reproduction because offspring are identical to the parent.

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Types of Asexual Reproduction

Binary fission, spores, vegetative propagation, regeneration, and cloning.

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Sexual Reproduction

The process of forming a new individual by fertilization, the combining of two haploid (N) sex cells (gametes) made during meiosis.

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Zygote

The new individual cell formed during sexual reproduction, resulting from the fusion of a sperm and egg cell.

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Meiosis & Genetic Diversity

Meiosis converts a diploid cell (2N) into a haploid gamete (N), increasing genetic diversity in offspring.

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Meiosis & Asexual Reproduction

Asexual reproduction does not involve meiosis. It creates identical offspring.

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Meiosis & Gamete Formation

Meiosis generates a sperm cell or an egg cell (gamete) required during reproduction.

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Mitosis: Nuclear Division

During mitosis a single nucleus divides into two identical nuclei.

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Meiosis: Nuclear Division

Meiosis involves a single nucleus dividing into four nuclei through two rounds of division.

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Meiosis: Daughter Cells

Meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells, unlike mitosis which produces diploid daughter cells.

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Cell Cycle: Continuous Process

The cell cycle is a continuous process with no definite divisions between phases.

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Cell Cycle: Divisions

The cell cycle is composed of 3 main divisions: interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.

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Interphase

The longest division of the cell cycle, where the cell grows and prepares for division.

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Interphase: Subphases

Interphase is divided into 3 phases: G1, S, and G2.

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G0 Phase: Non-Dividing

The G0 phase is a non-dividing state that some cells enter permanently, never leaving.

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G1 Phase

The cell grows, obtains nutrients, synthesizes RNA, and produces proteins in the G1 phase.

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G1 Phase: Duration

The G1 phase of interphase is the longest phase.

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S Phase

DNA replication occurs during the S phase, duplicating the chromatin.

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Chromatin Duplication & Centromeres

During S phase, each piece of duplicated chromatin stays attached by a centromere, forming sister chromatids.

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G2 Phase

The cell prepares for division in the G2 phase, after DNA replication has occurred.

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Cytokinesis

Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm and organelle.

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Cleavage Furrow

The cleavage furrow forms in animal cells during cytokinesis.

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Cell Plate Formation

The cell plate forms in plant cells during cytokinesis.

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Spindle Fibers in Telophase

The spindle fibers disappear during telophase, the last phase of mitosis.

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Autosomes

The non-sex chromosomes, responsible for most of a person's traits, are known as autosomes.

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DNA Location

DNA, a double helix structure, is found in the nucleus of the cell.

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Study Notes

Cell Cycle Overview

  • Cell cycle describes a series of events that make up cell division. It's a continuous process, not a series of separate steps.
  • Three main phases: Interphase, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis.
  • Interphase is the longest phase, divided into G1, S, and G2 phases.

Interphase

  • G1 phase: Cell growth, nutrient acquisition, protein synthesis, RNA production. Longest part of interphase.
  • S phase: DNA replication occurs, chromatin duplicates. Chromatids are linked by a centromere.
  • G2 phase: Cell prepares for division, final growth.

Mitosis

  • A series of steps that divides the nucleus.

  • Divided into: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

  • Prophase: Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, centrosomes move to opposite poles, spindle apparatus forms (in animal cells)

  • Metaphase: Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate (center of the cell).

  • Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles. Centromeres divide.

  • Telophase: Nuclear envelopes re-form around the separated chromosomes, chromosomes begin to uncoil, spindle fibers disappear.

Cytokinesis

  • Division of the cytoplasm, organelles, and creating the new cells.
  • Animal cells: Cleavage furrow forms.
  • Plant cells: Cell plate formation.

Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction

  • Asexual: Offspring are genetically identical to the parent cell. Uses mitosis. Five types: binary fission, spores, vegetative propagation, regeneration, and cloning.
  • Sexual: Offspring are genetically different from the parent cells. Involves meiosis to produce haploid gametes (egg and sperm), which combine to create a zygote.

Cell Cycle Terms

  • Diploid (2N): Cells with two sets of chromosomes. Human diploid number is 46.
  • Haploid (N): Cells with one set of chromosomes.
  • Chromatin: Uncoiled DNA in non-dividing cells.
  • Chromosomes: Condensed DNA in dividing cells.
  • Sister chromatids: Duplicated halves of a chromosome.
  • Centromere: Region where sister chromatids are joined.
  • Centrosomes: Microtubule organizing centers (often containing centrioles).
  • Spindle apparatus: Microtubules that assist in chromosome movement.
  • Autosomes: Non-sex chromosomes.
  • Sex chromosomes: Determine sex (XX in female, XY in male).
  • Karyotype: A photographic representation of an organism’s chromosomes.

Cell Cycle Differences

  • Mitosis: One division, results in two diploid daughter cells. Identical genetic information.
  • Meiosis: Two divisions, results in four haploid daughter cells. Causes genetic diversity.

Other Key Terms

  • G0 phase: Non-dividing phase for certain types of cells (e.g., nerve, muscle).
  • Binary fission: Cell division in prokaryotes.
  • Budding: A type of asexual reproduction, resulting in one small cell breaking off of a larger one.
  • Volume/Surface Area Ratio: Affects cell size and division.

Crucial for accurate cell division: The balance between DNA replication in the S phase and cell growth in the G1 and G2 phases.

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Description

Explore the stages of the cell cycle, including Interphase, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis. Dive into the specific phases of Interphase: G1, S, and G2, as well as the detailed steps of Mitosis. This quiz covers essential concepts in cell division and growth.

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