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Questions and Answers
What primary function makes the cell cycle essential for living organisms?
What primary function makes the cell cycle essential for living organisms?
What is the main distinction between mitosis and meiosis?
What is the main distinction between mitosis and meiosis?
Which of the following events is a hallmark of the G1 phase within interphase?
Which of the following events is a hallmark of the G1 phase within interphase?
What happens to the amount of DNA within a cell during the S phase?
What happens to the amount of DNA within a cell during the S phase?
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What cellular event primarily characterizes the G2 phase of interphase?
What cellular event primarily characterizes the G2 phase of interphase?
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Which process directly follows karyokinesis during the cell cycle?
Which process directly follows karyokinesis during the cell cycle?
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During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes become visible under a microscope?
During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes become visible under a microscope?
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If a cell has 20 chromosomes in G1 phase, how many chromosomes will it have after S phase?
If a cell has 20 chromosomes in G1 phase, how many chromosomes will it have after S phase?
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At what point during mitosis do sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles?
At what point during mitosis do sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles?
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What crucial component is synthesized during G2 phase for the upcoming mitotic division?
What crucial component is synthesized during G2 phase for the upcoming mitotic division?
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Which of these features is a characteristic of telophase in mitosis?
Which of these features is a characteristic of telophase in mitosis?
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During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosome pairs separate and move to opposite poles?
During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosome pairs separate and move to opposite poles?
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What is the primary outcome of meiosis?
What is the primary outcome of meiosis?
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How many chromatids are present in each chromosome at the end of telophase I?
How many chromatids are present in each chromosome at the end of telophase I?
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Which process during Prophase I of meiosis results in genetic variation?
Which process during Prophase I of meiosis results in genetic variation?
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Which of these is NOT true about mitosis?
Which of these is NOT true about mitosis?
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Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding Meiosis II?
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding Meiosis II?
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What is the significance of a tetrad formation during meiosis?
What is the significance of a tetrad formation during meiosis?
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What is the total number of cells produced from one original diploid germ cell after the completion of meiosis?
What is the total number of cells produced from one original diploid germ cell after the completion of meiosis?
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How does the amount of DNA in germ cells change prior to meiosis?
How does the amount of DNA in germ cells change prior to meiosis?
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Which event occurs during metaphase I of meiosis?
Which event occurs during metaphase I of meiosis?
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Study Notes
Cell Cycle Overview
- The cell cycle is a series of events preparing a cell to divide into two daughter cells.
- Cell multiplication is crucial for embryonic development and growth/replacement of dead cells.
- The cell cycle is divided into two major events: interphase and mitosis.
Interphase
- A long period of time.
- The cell increases in size.
- The cell replicates its genetic material.
- Subdivided into three phases:
- G1 phase: synthesis of macromolecules essential for DNA duplication, cell volume restored to normal, nucleoli reestablished, centrioles start to duplicate.
- S phase: DNA is duplicated, all requisite nucleoproteins (histone) are incorporated into DNA, forming chromatin, the cell now contains twice the normal amount of DNA.
- G2 phase: cell undergoes preparation for mitosis, the period between DNA synthesis and mitosis, RNA and proteins essential for cell division are synthesized, energy for mitosis is stored, tubulin is synthesized
Mitosis
- A shorter period of time.
- The nucleus divides first, followed by the cytoplasm, creating two daughter cells.
- Cells may permanently cease mitosis (e.g., muscle, nerve cells)
- Cells that leave the cell cycle are said to be in a resting stage (G0 phase).
- Prophase: Condensing of chromosomes, centrosomes move to opposite poles, nuclear envelope disappears.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the cell's equator.
- Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
- Telophase: Chromosomes decondense, nuclear envelope reforms, cytokinesis occurs (division of cytoplasm).
Meiosis
- A specialized cell division resulting in the formation of gametes (sperm or egg).
- The chromosome number is reduced from diploid (2n) to haploid (1n).
- Begins at the conclusion of interphase, producing germ cells (ova and sperm).
- Two crucial results of meiosis:
- Reduction in chromosome number (2n to 1n).
- Recombination of genes leading to genetic variability and diversity.
- Meiosis I (reductional division):
- Separation of homologous chromosome pairs, reducing chromosome number from diploid to haploid.
- Prophase I: long phase, homologous chromosome pairs approximate each other forming tetrads, crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes (exchange of genetic material)
- Metaphase I: homologous chromosome pairs align at the metaphase plate.
- Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes separate and move towards opposite poles.
- Telophase I: two daughter cells are formed each with half the original number of chromosomes
- Meiosis II (equational division):
- Similar to mitosis, sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
- Resulting in four haploid daughter cells, each with unique genetic content.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental aspects of the cell cycle, including its phases and their significance in cell division. Learn about interphase, its subdivisions, and the crucial role that these processes play in embryonic development and cell replacement.
