Cell Cycle Overview and Mitosis Process

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following genes normally function to prevent cell division but fail in cancer?

Oncogenes

Tumor suppressor genes (correct)

Mutated genes

Proto-oncogenes

What is a potential risk factor for breast cancer related to diet?

High sugar intake

High calorie diet

Vegetable intake

Coffee consumption (correct)

Which surgical option involves removal of the entire breast and lymph nodes?

Lumpectomy

Partial/Segmental Mastectomy

Modified Radical Mastectomy (correct)

Radical Mastectomy

Which of the following is a symptom of breast cancer?

Skin changes Signup and view all the answers

At what point should menstruating individuals perform breast self-exams for best results?

7 to 10 days after the start of the menstrual period Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes how breast cancer is classified in terms of spread?

Invasive and non-invasive Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication to monitor for in cancer patients post-surgery?

Lymphedema Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is considered protective against breast cancer?

Regular exercise Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the Metaphase Checkpoint?

To verify that all chromosomes are correctly attached to spindle fibers Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes cells in the G0 phase?

They are in a resting state and not actively dividing. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly outlines the stages of carcinogenesis?

Initiation, Promotion, Progression Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of cancer cells during the progression stage?

They grow uncontrollably and can spread to other areas. Signup and view all the answers

What defines oncogenesis?

The study of cancer detection, treatment, and management Signup and view all the answers

What role do cancer-causing agents play in the initiation phase of carcinogenesis?

They alter DNA structure. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the mitosis phase?

It is the shortest phase of the cell cycle. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'in situ' mean in the context of cancer spread?

Localized to a specific area Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant reason why colon cancer often goes undetected in its early stages?

Early stages do not usually present symptoms Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for colon cancer?

Family history of lung cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is the 5-year survival rate for patients diagnosed with Stage A colon cancer?

80-90% Signup and view all the answers

What role do chronic hepatitis infections play in liver cancer development?

They may trigger mutations in liver cells' DNA. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ovarian cancer accounts for about 90 percent of cases?

Epithelial tumors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for liver cancer?

Regular physical exercise. Signup and view all the answers

What factor is associated with a higher risk of developing ovarian cancer?

Inherited gene mutations, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 Signup and view all the answers

What type of stomach cancer is most commonly associated with mucus-producing cells?

Adenocarcinoma. Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing diagnosis would be relevant for a patient undergoing treatment for colon cancer?

Risk for ineffective treatment management Signup and view all the answers

How does cirrhosis increase the risk of liver cancer?

Through scarring that leads to cell mutations. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment for both ovarian and colon cancer?

Surgery Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterium is closely linked to an increased risk of developing stomach cancer?

Helicobacter pylori. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lifestyle factors is a contributor to Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)?

High sugar diet. Signup and view all the answers

What does Stage D colon cancer indicate about the spread of the disease?

Spread to other organs, like the liver Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication associated with liver cancer after a transplant?

Acute graft rejection. Signup and view all the answers

What condition, affecting stomach lining and B12 absorption, is a risk factor for stomach cancer?

Pernicious anemia. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of treatment for Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)?

To achieve complete remission Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following population is most affected by Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)?

Children around age 4 Signup and view all the answers

What is a common clinical manifestation of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)?

Lymphadenopathy Signup and view all the answers

What is typically the initial management for patients diagnosed with early-stage Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)?

No treatment required Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor used in the treatment of leukemia?

Imatinib mesylate Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of cervical cancer?

Squamous Cell Carcinoma Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor that can increase the likelihood of developing cervical cancer?

Diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure Signup and view all the answers

How does cervical cancer primarily develop?

Due to DNA mutations causing uncontrolled cell growth Signup and view all the answers

What is a common sexually transmitted infection linked to most cases of cervical cancer?

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of leukemia?

Increased white blood cell count (leukocytosis) Signup and view all the answers

What process describes the ability of cancerous cells to spread to other parts of the body?

Metastasis Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT associated with the risk of developing cervical cancer?

High-fiber diet Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant non-cancerous risk related to surgery for cervical or uterine cancer?

Anticipatory grieving Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Cycle

The cell cycle is a life cycle for cells, involving growth, development, and creating two identical daughter cells.

Interphase

G1 Phase (Gap 1): Cell growth and normal function; prepares for DNA replication.
S Phase (Synthesis): DNA replication occurs, duplicating each chromosome to form sister chromatids.
G2 Phase (Gap 2): Cell continues to grow, makes proteins, and prepares for cell division.

M Phase (Mitosis)

Mitosis is the process of a cell dividing to form two identical daughter cells.
Prophase: Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane breaks down, mitotic spindle forms.
Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the cell's center (metaphase plate).
Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
Telophase: Chromatids reach poles, nuclear membrane reforms around each set.

Cytokinesis

Final step: Cytoplasm divides, forming two separate daughter cells. Usually overlaps with telophase.

Checkpoints

G1 Checkpoint (Start Checkpoint): Checks for sufficient nutrients, growth factors, DNA damage, and cell size. If conditions aren't met, the cell may enter a resting state (G0).
S Phase Checkpoint: Ensures that DNA replication is occurring correctly. Any errors are repaired before the cell proceeds.
G2 Checkpoint: Checks that the cell is large enough, DNA replication is complete without errors, and ensures DNA damage is repaired.
Metaphase Checkpoint (Spindle Assembly Checkpoint): Verifies that all chromosomes are correctly attached to spindle fibers for proper segregation.

Carcinogenesis (Cancer Development)

A three-step process:
- Initiation: Cancer-causing agents (chemical, physical, or biological) change DNA.
- Promotion: Ongoing exposure to harmful agents causes abnormal genes to be expressed.
- Progression: Cancer cells grow uncontrollably, spreading to other areas (metastasis).

Oncology and Cancer Terminology

Oncology: The study of cancer, including detection, treatment, and management.
Root words for cancer terms are defined.

Tumor Grading

Grade 1 (Well Differentiated): Tumor cells resemble normal cells, slow growth and spread.
Grade 2 (Moderately Differentiated): More abnormal cells, moderate growth and spread.
Grade 3 (Poorly Differentiated): Very abnormal cells, rapid growth and spread.
Grade 4 (Undifferentiated/Immature): Very immature cells, most aggressive growth and spread.

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Description

Explore the intricacies of the cell cycle, from interphase to mitosis. This quiz covers critical phases such as G1, S, and G2, along with detailed steps of mitosis and cytokinesis. Test your knowledge on the processes that lead to cell division and growth.