Cell Cycle Overview and Mitosis Process
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following genes normally function to prevent cell division but fail in cancer?

  • Oncogenes
  • Tumor suppressor genes (correct)
  • Mutated genes
  • Proto-oncogenes

What is a potential risk factor for breast cancer related to diet?

  • High sugar intake
  • High calorie diet
  • Vegetable intake
  • Coffee consumption (correct)

Which surgical option involves removal of the entire breast and lymph nodes?

  • Lumpectomy
  • Partial/Segmental Mastectomy
  • Modified Radical Mastectomy (correct)
  • Radical Mastectomy

Which of the following is a symptom of breast cancer?

<p>Skin changes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what point should menstruating individuals perform breast self-exams for best results?

<p>7 to 10 days after the start of the menstrual period (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes how breast cancer is classified in terms of spread?

<p>Invasive and non-invasive (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication to monitor for in cancer patients post-surgery?

<p>Lymphedema (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is considered protective against breast cancer?

<p>Regular exercise (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the Metaphase Checkpoint?

<p>To verify that all chromosomes are correctly attached to spindle fibers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes cells in the G0 phase?

<p>They are in a resting state and not actively dividing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly outlines the stages of carcinogenesis?

<p>Initiation, Promotion, Progression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of cancer cells during the progression stage?

<p>They grow uncontrollably and can spread to other areas. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines oncogenesis?

<p>The study of cancer detection, treatment, and management (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do cancer-causing agents play in the initiation phase of carcinogenesis?

<p>They alter DNA structure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the mitosis phase?

<p>It is the shortest phase of the cell cycle. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'in situ' mean in the context of cancer spread?

<p>Localized to a specific area (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant reason why colon cancer often goes undetected in its early stages?

<p>Early stages do not usually present symptoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for colon cancer?

<p>Family history of lung cancer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 5-year survival rate for patients diagnosed with Stage A colon cancer?

<p>80-90% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do chronic hepatitis infections play in liver cancer development?

<p>They may trigger mutations in liver cells' DNA. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ovarian cancer accounts for about 90 percent of cases?

<p>Epithelial tumors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for liver cancer?

<p>Regular physical exercise. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is associated with a higher risk of developing ovarian cancer?

<p>Inherited gene mutations, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of stomach cancer is most commonly associated with mucus-producing cells?

<p>Adenocarcinoma. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing diagnosis would be relevant for a patient undergoing treatment for colon cancer?

<p>Risk for ineffective treatment management (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does cirrhosis increase the risk of liver cancer?

<p>Through scarring that leads to cell mutations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment for both ovarian and colon cancer?

<p>Surgery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterium is closely linked to an increased risk of developing stomach cancer?

<p>Helicobacter pylori. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lifestyle factors is a contributor to Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)?

<p>High sugar diet. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Stage D colon cancer indicate about the spread of the disease?

<p>Spread to other organs, like the liver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication associated with liver cancer after a transplant?

<p>Acute graft rejection. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition, affecting stomach lining and B12 absorption, is a risk factor for stomach cancer?

<p>Pernicious anemia. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of treatment for Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)?

<p>To achieve complete remission (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following population is most affected by Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)?

<p>Children around age 4 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common clinical manifestation of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)?

<p>Lymphadenopathy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is typically the initial management for patients diagnosed with early-stage Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)?

<p>No treatment required (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor used in the treatment of leukemia?

<p>Imatinib mesylate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of cervical cancer?

<p>Squamous Cell Carcinoma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor that can increase the likelihood of developing cervical cancer?

<p>Diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does cervical cancer primarily develop?

<p>Due to DNA mutations causing uncontrolled cell growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common sexually transmitted infection linked to most cases of cervical cancer?

<p>Human Papillomavirus (HPV) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of leukemia?

<p>Increased white blood cell count (leukocytosis) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process describes the ability of cancerous cells to spread to other parts of the body?

<p>Metastasis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT associated with the risk of developing cervical cancer?

<p>High-fiber diet (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant non-cancerous risk related to surgery for cervical or uterine cancer?

<p>Anticipatory grieving (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Metaphase Checkpoint

A cell cycle checkpoint that checks if all chromosomes are correctly attached to spindle fibers before cell division.

G0 Phase

A resting phase of the cell cycle where cells aren't dividing or preparing to divide.

Carcinogenesis

The process by which normal cells become cancer cells.

Initiation (Cancer)

The first step of carcinogenesis, where DNA is altered by cancer-causing agents.

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Promotion (Cancer)

The second step, where ongoing exposure triggers abnormal gene expression.

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Progression (Cancer)

The third step, where cancer cells grow out of control and spread.

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Oncology

The study of cancer, including detection, treatment, and management.

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Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

Another name for the Metaphase Checkpoint.

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Cervical Cancer

Cancer arising in the cells of the cervix, often linked to HPV.

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HPV (Human Papillomavirus)

Common STI, often linked to cervical cancer when it persists.

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Leukemia

Neoplastic disorder of white blood cells, causing uncontrolled proliferation.

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Risk Factors (Cervical Cancer)

Multiple sexual partners, early sexual activity, other STIs, weakened immune system, and smoking are risk factors for cervical cancer.

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DNA Mutations (Cancer)

DNA changes in cells lead to uncontrolled growth and division.

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Metastasis

Cancerous cells spreading from a primary tumor to other areas of the body

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Symptoms of Cervical Cancer

Includes unusual vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, and abnormal discharge.

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Screening Tests (Cervical Cancer)

Methods to detect cervical cancer early, such as Pap smears and HPV tests.

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Liver Cancer Risk Factors

Chronic hepatitis infections, cirrhosis, inherited liver diseases, diabetes, NAFLD, aflatoxin exposure, and heavy alcohol consumption increase liver cancer risk.

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Liver Cancer Pathophysiology

Liver cancer results from DNA mutations in liver cells, causing uncontrolled cell growth.

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Stomach Cancer Risk Factors

High salt/smoked food intake, low fruit/vegetable intake, family history, Helicobacter pylori infection, and long-term stomach inflammation increase stomach cancer risk.

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Oncogenes

Genes that cause cancer by becoming overly active or mutated.

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Stomach Cancer Location Shift

Stomach cancer incidence has decreased in the stomach body, but increased in the gastroesophageal junction.

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Liver Transplant Complications

Acute graft rejection and liver/kidney failure are possible complications of liver transplants.

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Tumor Suppressor Genes

Genes that normally prevent cell division and stop cancer growth.

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Chronic Hepatitis B/C

Persistent infections like Hepatitis B or C damage the liver and significantly increase the risk of liver cancer.

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Breast Cancer Risk Factors

Factors like early pregnancy, family history, obesity, smoking, alcohol, and others that increase breast cancer chances.

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Breast Cancer Types

Different kinds of breast cancers, including DCIS (Ductal Carcinoma in Situ), LCIS (Lobular Carcinoma in Situ), and others.

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Aflatoxins

Toxins produced by molds, especially on crops like peanuts, linked to liver cancer development.

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Helicobacter pylori

A bacterium that can cause chronic stomach infection, a significant risk factor for stomach cancer.

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Breast Cancer Diet and Exercise

Diet (coffee may reduce risk, alcohol increases it) and exercise are important factors in breast cancer risk.

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Breast Cancer Symptoms

Possible signs of breast cancer, such as lumps, inverted nipples, skin changes, etc.

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Breast Cancer Staging

Describes how far the cancer has spread (0-IV).

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Breast Self-Exams (BSE)

Regular examinations of one's breasts to detect abnormalities, ideally 7-10 days after menstruation.

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Colon Cancer Polyp

Small growths in the large intestine that can become cancerous over time.

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ALL in Children

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is a type of cancer affecting immature blood cells, primarily in children, characterized by rapid proliferation of immature lymphocytes.

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Colon Cancer Stage D

Colon cancer that has spread to other organs, with a poor prognosis (less than 5% survival in 5 years).

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CLL in Adults

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a slow-growing blood cancer mostly affecting older adults. It involves the abnormal proliferation of lymphocytes.

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Ovarian Cancer

Cancer originating in the ovaries, often detected late due to lack of early symptoms.

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ALL Treatment Goal

The primary goal of treatment for acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is complete remission, meaning the cancer is no longer detectable.

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Ovarian Cancer Risk Factors

Factors such as older age, family history (BRCA genes), hormone replacement therapy, and early menstruation/late menopause increase the chances of ovarian cancer.

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Imatinib Mesylate (Gleevec)

A tyrosine kinase inhibitor used to treat certain types of leukemia, blocking signals that promote cancer cell growth.

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Symptom of Leukemia

Possible symptoms of leukemia include enlarged liver/spleen, fever, paleness, bruising, mouth ulcers and headaches. Also involves potential meningeal involvement.

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Epithelial Ovarian Tumors

Most common type of ovarian cancer, arising from the tissue covering the ovaries.

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Colon Screening Importance

Detecting polyps and potential colon cancer early with screenings is critical for better outcomes.

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Colon Cancer Stage A

Early-stage colon cancer, confined to the bowel lining, with high survival rates.

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Nursing Diagnosis (Colon Cancer)

Potential health problems for individuals with colon cancer, including infection risk, pain, and nutritional issues.

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Study Notes

Cell Cycle

  • The cell cycle is a life cycle for cells, involving growth, development, and creating two identical daughter cells.

Interphase

  • G1 Phase (Gap 1): Cell growth and normal function; prepares for DNA replication.
  • S Phase (Synthesis): DNA replication occurs, duplicating each chromosome to form sister chromatids.
  • G2 Phase (Gap 2): Cell continues to grow, makes proteins, and prepares for cell division.

M Phase (Mitosis)

  • Mitosis is the process of a cell dividing to form two identical daughter cells.
  • Prophase: Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane breaks down, mitotic spindle forms.
  • Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the cell's center (metaphase plate).
  • Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
  • Telophase: Chromatids reach poles, nuclear membrane reforms around each set.

Cytokinesis

  • Final step: Cytoplasm divides, forming two separate daughter cells. Usually overlaps with telophase.

Checkpoints

  • G1 Checkpoint (Start Checkpoint): Checks for sufficient nutrients, growth factors, DNA damage, and cell size. If conditions aren't met, the cell may enter a resting state (G0).
  • S Phase Checkpoint: Ensures that DNA replication is occurring correctly. Any errors are repaired before the cell proceeds.
  • G2 Checkpoint: Checks that the cell is large enough, DNA replication is complete without errors, and ensures DNA damage is repaired.
  • Metaphase Checkpoint (Spindle Assembly Checkpoint): Verifies that all chromosomes are correctly attached to spindle fibers for proper segregation.

Carcinogenesis (Cancer Development)

  • A three-step process:
    • Initiation: Cancer-causing agents (chemical, physical, or biological) change DNA.
    • Promotion: Ongoing exposure to harmful agents causes abnormal genes to be expressed.
    • Progression: Cancer cells grow uncontrollably, spreading to other areas (metastasis).

Oncology and Cancer Terminology

  • Oncology: The study of cancer, including detection, treatment, and management.
  • Root words for cancer terms are defined.

Tumor Grading

  • Grade 1 (Well Differentiated): Tumor cells resemble normal cells, slow growth and spread.
  • Grade 2 (Moderately Differentiated): More abnormal cells, moderate growth and spread.
  • Grade 3 (Poorly Differentiated): Very abnormal cells, rapid growth and spread.
  • Grade 4 (Undifferentiated/Immature): Very immature cells, most aggressive growth and spread.

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Cell Cycle PDF

Description

Explore the intricacies of the cell cycle, from interphase to mitosis. This quiz covers critical phases such as G1, S, and G2, along with detailed steps of mitosis and cytokinesis. Test your knowledge on the processes that lead to cell division and growth.

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