Cell Cycle: Interphase

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Questions and Answers

During which stage of meiosis II do centromeres divide and are pulled by spindle fibers to opposite poles?

  • Metaphase II
  • Anaphase II (correct)
  • Telophase II
  • Prophase II

Which process produces daughter cells that are exact copies of the parental cell for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction?

  • Meiosis II
  • Meiosis I
  • Fertilization
  • Mitosis (correct)

What occurs during the diplotene stage of meiosis?

  • Asymmetric cytokinesis occurs
  • Crossing over between homologous chromosomes (correct)
  • Oocytes grow to a large size
  • Oocytes resume meiosis in response to hormonal stimulation

What is the significance of meiosis in producing offspring different from their parents?

<p>Random distribution of chromosomes during metaphase I and consequent independent assortment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process converts the spermatocyte into four spermatids?

<p>Spermatogenesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What prevents additional sperm from entering the egg during fertilization?

<p>Surface alterations induced by hormonal stimulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

"Spindle develops at right angle to spindle of 1st meiotic division" occurs during which stage of meiosis?

<p>Prophase II (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when chromatids reach opposite poles during Telophase II?

<p>Chromatids unwind, nuclear envelope reforms, nucleolus disappears (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced by crossing over between homologous chromosomes?

<p>Variation in offspring (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the first part of interphase?

<p>The cell grows to full size and produces necessary structures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when the cell makes an exact copy of its DNA during interphase?

<p>Replication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the threadlike chromatin in the cell's nucleus during prophase of mitosis?

<p>It condenses to form double-rod structures called chromosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the structure that holds together two chromatids in a chromosome during prophase?

<p>Centromere (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the stage during which the cell's nucleus divides into two new nuclei?

<p>Cytokinesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during anaphase of cell division?

<p>The spindle fibers shorten and the centromere splits, pulling separated sister chromatids towards opposite poles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does cytokinesis occur in plant cells?

<p>Through the formation of new cell walls and plasma membranes inside the cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the synaptonemal complex during meiosis?

<p>Keeping homologous chromosomes aligned and closely associated during prophase I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What marks the end of mitosis?

<p>Telophase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process following mitosis?

<p>Cytokinesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during prophase I of meiosis?

<p>Chromosomes become visible and actively condense, homologous chromosomes pair up and synapse, forming a bivalent. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of meiosis?

<p>Four haploid daughter cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do animal cells undergo cytokinesis?

<p>Mediated by a contractile ring of actin and myosin filaments beneath the plasma membrane. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to sister chromatids during metaphase?

<p>Chromosomes align themselves at the equator of the spindle. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs at diplotene during meiosis?

<p>Disassembly of the synaptonemal complex and separation of homologous chromosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Mitosis

The process of cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells. This process is essential for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.

Metaphase

The stage of mitosis when duplicated chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell.

Anaphase

The stage of mitosis when sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.

Telophase

The stage of mitosis when the nuclear membrane reforms, chromosomes uncoil, and the cell divides.

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Meiosis

The process of cell division in eukaryotes that results in four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell.

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Prophase I

The stage of meiosis when homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material.

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Metaphase I

The stage of meiosis when homologous chromosome pairs line up at the middle of the cell.

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Anaphase I

The stage of meiosis when homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.

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Telophase I

The stage of meiosis when the nuclear membrane reforms around the chromosomes, and the cell divides.

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Anaphase II

The stage of meiosis II when sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.

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Spermatogenesis

The process of converting a spermatocyte into four spermatids.

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Surface alteration

The process that prevents additional sperm from entering the egg during fertilization.

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Prophase II

The stage of meiosis when the spindle fibers develop at a right angle to the spindle fibers of the first meiotic division, preparing for the separation of sister chromatids.

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Telophase II

The stage of meiosis when the chromosomes reach opposite poles, the nuclear envelope reforms, and the nucleolus reappears.

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Crossing over

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.

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G1 phase

The first part of interphase when the cell grows to its full size and duplicates its organelles.

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S phase

The stage of interphase when the cell makes a copy of its DNA.

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G2 phase

The second part of interphase when the cell prepares to divide and synthesizes proteins and organelles.

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Centromere

The structure that holds together two sister chromatids of a chromosome.

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Cytokinesis in plant cells

The process of cell division that results in the formation of new cell walls and plasma membranes, dividing the cell into two daughter cells.

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Synaptonemal complex

The protein structure that plays a crucial role in holding homologous chromosomes aligned during prophase I of meiosis.

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Cytokinesis in animal cells

The process of cell division that results in the cytoplasm dividing, forming two new daughter cells.

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Metaphase

The stage of mitosis when the chromosomes line up at the center of the cell, forming a metaphase plate.

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Desynapsis

The process that occurs during diplotene stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes begin to separate, but remain linked at chiasmata, the points where crossing over occurred.

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Meiosis I

The stage of meiosis when the cell divides into two daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell.

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Meiosis II

The stage of meiosis when the cell divides again, resulting in four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell.

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Study Notes

  • The spindle apparatus moves to opposite poles of the cell during cell division.
  • Sister chromatids are attached to centrioles and spindle fibers during prophase in both animal and plant cells.
  • Chromosomes align themselves at the equator of the spindle during metaphase in both animal and plant cells.
  • During anaphase, the spindle fibers shorten and the centromere splits, pulling separated sister chromatids towards opposite poles in both animal and plant cells.
  • Telophase marks the end of mitosis, where chromosomes reach the poles and appear as chromatin, nuclear membranes reform, and new nuclei form.
  • Cytokinesis is the process following mitosis, resulting in two daughter cells, coordinating nuclear and cytoplasmic division.
  • In animal cells, cytokinesis is mediated by a contractile ring of actin and myosin filaments that forms beneath the plasma membrane and pinches the cell in half.
  • Plant cells divide through the formation of new cell walls and plasma membranes inside the cell.
  • Both animal and plant cells undergo cytokinesis, with the cytoplasm dividing and distributing organelles, and each resulting in two daughter cells with identical chromosomes.
  • Meiosis is a process of cell division that gives rise to four haploid daughter cells, forming gametes or spores in plants.
  • Prophase I is the first phase of meiosis, where chromosomes become visible and actively condense, and homologous chromosomes pair up and synapse, forming a bivalent.
  • During prophase I, the synaptonemal complex forms along the length of the paired chromosomes, keeping them aligned and closely associated.
  • Synapsis and recombination between homologous chromosomes are completed during pachytene, and the synaptonemal complex disappears at diplotene, allowing the homologous chromosomes to separate.
  • At the end of meiosis I, the chromosomes are separated into two daughter cells, and meiosis II ensues, resulting in the formation of four haploid daughter cells.

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