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Questions and Answers
What is the series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide?
What is the series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide?
Cell cycle
What is the granular material within the nucleus that consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins?
What is the granular material within the nucleus that consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins?
Chromatin
What is the threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes?
What is the threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes?
Chromosome
What is the division of the cytoplasm called?
What is the division of the cytoplasm called?
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What is the stage of the cell cycle where the cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division, consisting of the G1, S, and G2 phases?
What is the stage of the cell cycle where the cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division, consisting of the G1, S, and G2 phases?
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What type of cell division involves the nucleus dividing into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes?
What type of cell division involves the nucleus dividing into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes?
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Which phase of mitosis involves the chromosomes separating and moving to opposite ends of the cell?
Which phase of mitosis involves the chromosomes separating and moving to opposite ends of the cell?
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Where are the chromatids of a chromosome attached?
Where are the chromatids of a chromosome attached?
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In which phase of mitosis do chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell?
In which phase of mitosis do chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell?
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What phase of mitosis involves chromosomes becoming visible, the nuclear envelope dissolving, and the spindle forming?
What phase of mitosis involves chromosomes becoming visible, the nuclear envelope dissolving, and the spindle forming?
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What is one of a pair of identical chromosomes created before a cell divides called?
What is one of a pair of identical chromosomes created before a cell divides called?
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What structure is involved in moving and organizing chromosomes before the cell divides, made of spindle fibers, centrioles, and aster fibers?
What structure is involved in moving and organizing chromosomes before the cell divides, made of spindle fibers, centrioles, and aster fibers?
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In which phase of mitosis do the distinct individual chromosomes begin to spread out into a tangle of chromatin?
In which phase of mitosis do the distinct individual chromosomes begin to spread out into a tangle of chromatin?
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What is the term for programmed cell death?
What is the term for programmed cell death?
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What is the disorder in which some of the body's cells lose the ability to control growth?
What is the disorder in which some of the body's cells lose the ability to control growth?
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What is a cancer-causing substance?
What is a cancer-causing substance?
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What are unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division?
What are unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division?
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What process involves homologous chromosomes exchanging portions of their chromatids during meiosis?
What process involves homologous chromosomes exchanging portions of their chromatids during meiosis?
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What is the term for an organism or cell that has two complete sets of chromosomes?
What is the term for an organism or cell that has two complete sets of chromosomes?
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What is the process in sexual reproduction that involves the joining of male and female reproductive cells to form a new cell?
What is the process in sexual reproduction that involves the joining of male and female reproductive cells to form a new cell?
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What is the term for a sex cell?
What is the term for a sex cell?
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What is a segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait?
What is a segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait?
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What term describes an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes?
What term describes an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes?
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What are chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure called?
What are chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure called?
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What type of cell division produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms?
What type of cell division produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms?
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What are different forms of a gene called?
What are different forms of a gene called?
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What describes a trait that covers over, or dominates, another form of that trait?
What describes a trait that covers over, or dominates, another form of that trait?
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What is the scientific study of heredity?
What is the scientific study of heredity?
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What is the genetic makeup of an organism called?
What is the genetic makeup of an organism called?
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What term describes an organism that has two different alleles for a trait?
What term describes an organism that has two different alleles for a trait?
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What term describes an organism that has two identical alleles for a trait?
What term describes an organism that has two identical alleles for a trait?
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What term is used for offspring of crosses between parents with different traits?
What term is used for offspring of crosses between parents with different traits?
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What law states that genes separate independently of one another in meiosis?
What law states that genes separate independently of one another in meiosis?
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What law states that the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete?
What law states that the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete?
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What is an organism's physical appearance, or visible traits?
What is an organism's physical appearance, or visible traits?
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What term describes an allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present?
What term describes an allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present?
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What is the regrouping of genes in an offspring that results in a genetic makeup that is different from that of the parents?
What is the regrouping of genes in an offspring that results in a genetic makeup that is different from that of the parents?
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What condition involves an organism having extra sets of chromosomes?
What condition involves an organism having extra sets of chromosomes?
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What is a person whose genotype includes a gene that is not expressed in the phenotype?
What is a person whose genotype includes a gene that is not expressed in the phenotype?
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What is a diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family?
What is a diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family?
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What is any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome?
What is any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome?
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What condition involves neither of two alleles of a gene being dominant or recessive, with both traits being equally expressed?
What condition involves neither of two alleles of a gene being dominant or recessive, with both traits being equally expressed?
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What type of gene interaction involves one gene altering the phenotypic effects of another gene that is independently inherited?
What type of gene interaction involves one gene altering the phenotypic effects of another gene that is independently inherited?
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What pattern of inheritance involves two alleles, neither dominant nor recessive, resulting in offspring with a phenotype blending parental traits?
What pattern of inheritance involves two alleles, neither dominant nor recessive, resulting in offspring with a phenotype blending parental traits?
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What involves three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait?
What involves three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait?
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What is a trait controlled by two or more genes?
What is a trait controlled by two or more genes?
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What chromosomes determine the sex of an individual?
What chromosomes determine the sex of an individual?
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What is a trait determined by a gene found on one of the sex chromosomes, such as the X or Y chromosome?
What is a trait determined by a gene found on one of the sex chromosomes, such as the X or Y chromosome?
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What is a display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape?
What is a display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape?
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What is an error in meiosis or mitosis in which members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate properly from each other?
What is an error in meiosis or mitosis in which members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate properly from each other?
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What are repeating nucleotides at the ends of DNA molecules that do not form genes and help prevent the loss of genes?
What are repeating nucleotides at the ends of DNA molecules that do not form genes and help prevent the loss of genes?
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Study Notes
Cell Cycle & Cell Division
- The cell cycle is a series of events in which cells grow and divide.
- Chromatin is DNA tightly coiled around proteins.
- A chromosome is a structure of nucleic acids and protein containing genetic information.
- Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm.
- Interphase is the period of cell growth, normal function, and preparation for division; comprised of G1, S, and G2 phases.
- Mitosis is cell division where the nucleus divides into nuclei with the same number of chromosomes.
- Anaphase is the phase where chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell.
- The centromere is the area where chromatids attach.
- Metaphase is where chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
- Prophase involves chromosomes becoming visible, the nuclear envelope dissolving, and spindle formation.
- Sister chromatids are identical chromosome copies.
- The spindle apparatus is a structure of fibers facilitating chromosome movement and organization during cell division.
- Telophase involves chromosomes spreading out into chromatin.
- Apoptosis is programmed cell death.
- Cancer is uncontrolled cell growth.
- A carcinogen is a cancer-causing substance.
- Stem cells are unspecialized cells capable of self-renewal.
Meiosis and Genetics
- Crossing over exchanges portions of chromatids during meiosis.
- Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent).
- Fertilization is the union of reproductive cells to form a new cell.
- Gametes are sex cells.
- Genes are DNA segments coding for specific traits.
- Haploid cells have one set of chromosomes.
- Homologous chromosomes have the same gene sequence and structure.
- Meiosis produces reproductive cells (gametes).
- Alleles are alternative forms of a gene.
- Dominant alleles mask recessive alleles.
- Genetics is the study of heredity.
- Genotype is an organism's genetic makeup.
- Heterozygous individuals have two different alleles for a trait.
- Homozygous individuals have two identical alleles for a trait.
- A hybrid is offspring from parents with different traits.
- Independent assortment states that genes separate independently during meiosis.
- Segregation is the separation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
- Phenotype is an organism's observable traits.
- Recessive alleles are masked by dominant alleles.
- Genetic recombination results in offspring with different gene combinations than parents.
- Polyploidy is having extra chromosome sets.
- Carriers have a hidden gene without expressing it phenotypically.
- Pedigrees show genetic traits across generations.
- Autosomes are non-sex chromosomes.
- Codominance results in both alleles being expressed equally.
- Epistasis involves one gene affecting another's expression.
- Incomplete dominance results in a blended phenotype.
- Multiple alleles have three or more forms of a gene for a single trait.
- Polygenic traits are controlled by multiple genes.
- Sex chromosomes determine an organism's sex.
- Sex-linked traits are determined by genes on sex chromosomes.
- Karyotypes display chromosome pairs by size and shape.
- Nondisjunction is the improper separation of chromosomes.
- Telomeres protect the ends of DNA molecules.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the cell cycle and cell division with this quiz. Explore key concepts including mitosis, cytokinesis, and the phases of the cell cycle, along with important structures like chromosomes and chromatids. Perfect for students studying biology!
