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At which cell cycle checkpoint is the cell's cycle halted if the cell's DNA is damaged?

  • G1-S (correct)
  • S-G2
  • G2-M
  • G0-G1

    • Peroxisomes:

  • Can replicate by division (correct)
  • Are small, double membrane-enclosed organelles that contain enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic reactions
  • If entirely lost to the cell, the cell will undergo apoptosis, Have their own genomes and proteins
  • All answers are correct

    • Lamins Nuclear lamina is composed of:

  • Laminins
  • Selectins ntegrins
  • Fibronectins
  • lamins (correct)

    • What is true for lipids:

    <p>All are true</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Secondary cell walls in plants:

    <p>More rigid than primary walls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The resolution of the light microscope is approximately:

    <p>0.2 µm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Evolutionarily conserved proteins performing important functions

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nuclear envelope is composed of two nuclear membranes and:

    <p>Nuclear lamina plus nuclear pore complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of collagen is found in basal lamina?

    <p>IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The human genome consists of 100,000 genes

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enhancers contain multiple functional sequence elements that bind different transcriptional regulatory proteins.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA and RNA synthesis

    <p>In contrast to DNA synthesis, the synthesis of RNA can initiate de novo, and an enzyme called primase synthesizes short fragments of RNA complementary to the lagging strand template at the replication fork</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Splicing takes place in the cytoplasm immediately after transcription.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not true for tight junctions?

    <p>Consist of assemblies of six connexins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA strand synthesis

    <p>All answers are correct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nonpolar amino acid is:

    <p>Leucine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chromatin:

    <p>Is condensed by being coiled into higher order structures organized into large loops of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    NTF2 is:

    <p>Import receptor for Ran/GDP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transfer RNAs:

    <p>All answers are correct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mitochondria:

    <p>Are organelles where oxidative phosphorylation takes place</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The endoplasmic reticulum (ER):

    <p>It has a role in protein processing and sorting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) and transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are transcribed by RNA polymerase.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Recombination

    <p>All answers are correct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Protein folding and processing in the ER:

    <p>The Hsp70 chaperone, BiP, is thought to bind to the unfolded polypeptide chain as it crosses the membrane and then mediate protein folding and the assembly of multisubunit proteins within the ER.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Desmin is:

    <p>Intermediate filament expressed in muscle cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Damage to DNA:

    <p>Some lesions in DNA can be repaired by direct reversal of the damage, which may be a more efficient way of dealing with specific types of DNA damage that occur frequently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prophase I is subdivided into 5 stages except

    <p>Haplotene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA replication enzymes

    <p>Helicases - enzymes that unwind double-stranded DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eukaryotic transcription requires many proteins in a coordinated fashion to drive the process of converting DNA to RNA. RNA polymerase, the enzyme that initiates transcription, needs a number of factors and components to begin transcribing a gene. Which of the following answers is NOT one of these factors:

    <p>DNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Protein that connects the Z discs of contractile elements in muscle is:

    <p>Desmin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cancer can show density-dependent inhibition

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the function of transcription factors is not true?

    <p>Transcription factors can only be activated by phosphatases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    he primary transcript is much longer than the mRNA that will eventually be translated. This can be explained by which of the following answers?

    <p>Introns have not yet been removed from the transcript</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proteins destined for incorporation into the plasma membrane or the membranes of different compartments:

    <p>From the ER membrane, they proceed to their final destination along the same pathway as that of secretory proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Actin-based cell surface protrusions are:

    <p>Microvilli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Apoptosis

    <p>Is programmed cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glucose passes through the membrane:

    <p>Using carrier proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monosaccharides are joined in dehydration reactions in which water is removed by:

    <p>Glycosidic bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The core transcription factors that play central roles in this stem cell programming are:

    <p>Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog</p> Signup and view all the answers

    mRNAs:

    <p>All answers are correct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The spread of cancer cells to sites away from the initial tumor is known as:

    <p>Metastasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transposition via DNA intermediates:

    <p>Elements that move by transposition are called transposable elements, or transposons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chromatin remodeling factors:

    <p>Are protein complexes that use energy derived from the hydrolysis of ATP to alter the contacts between DNA and histones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transcription-coupled repair:

    <p>It is specifically dedicated to repairing damage within actively transcribed genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The only GAG that occurs as a single long polysaccharide chain is:

    <p>Hyaluronan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Microfilaments are composed of:

    <p>Actin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proteins that can be translocated into the ER:

    1. During their synthesis on membrane-bound ribosomes (cotranslational translocation)
    2. During their synthesis on membrane-bound ribosomes (cotranscriptional translocation)
    3. After their translation has been completed on free ribosomes in the cytosol (posttranslational translocation)
    4. After their translation has been completed on free ribosomes in the cytosol (posttranscriptional translocation)

    <p>1 and 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA and RNA are stable?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The growth of cancer is correlated with the presence of extrinsic growth factors

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The simplest eukaryote is:

    <p>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    tRNAs:

    <p>tRNAs are synthesized as longer precursor molecules (pre-tRNAs) some of which contain several individual tRNA sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA replication:

    <p>Is a semiconservative process in which each parental strand serves as a template for the synthesis of 2 new complementary strands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Autophagy:

    <p>Is regulated both in response to the availability of nutrients and during development of multicellular organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chromatin immunoprecipitation:

    <p>Chromatin immunoprecipitation is a technique for determining the regions of DNA that bind a transcription factor within the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    General transcription factors and initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II

    <p>Eukaryotic RNA polymerases do not bind directly to promoter sequences, they require additional proteins to initiate transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inner mitochondrial membrane:

    <p>Represents the principal site of ATP generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not a part of the main tissue systems in plants?

    <p>Muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transcription factor binding sites are unique sequences for each transcription factor

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Microfilaments are composed of:

    <p>Actin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Differential interference-contrast microscopy uses:

    <p>Variations in density between different parts of the cell for visualization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Macropinocytosis is:

    <p>Uptake of extracellular fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true for dynein?

    <p>It moves toward the minus end along the microtubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genes that contribute to cancer through increased expression are:

    <p>Oncogenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proteins destined for incorporation into the plasma membrane or the membranes of different compartments:

    <p>From the ER membrane, they proceed to their final destination along the same pathway as that of secretory proteins: Golgi - ER - lysosomes - Plasma membrane or endosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the promoter?

    <p>A sequence of DNA used to signal the beginning point of transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipid rafts are composed of:

    <p>Sphingomyelin and glycolipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Translation:

    <p>Protein synthesis involves interactions between three types of RNA molecules (mRNA templates, tRNA and rRNAs), as well as various proteins that are required for translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nucleolus-associated domains (NADs) are:

    <p>Transcriptionally inactive heterochromatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enhancers contain multiple functional sequence elements that bind different transcriptional regulatory proteins

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chemiosmotic coupling:

    <p>All answers are correct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amino acids are joined together by:

    <p>Peptide bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common method for visualizing LIVING cells is:

    <p>Phase-contrast microscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All is true for caspases except:

    <p>Are the normal-cell genes from which the retroviral oncogenes originated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    p53

    <p>Can activate DNA repair proteins when DNA has sustained damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genes that can contribute to cancer through a loss-of-function mutation are:

    <p>Tumor suppressor genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prophase I is subdivided into 5 stages except

    <p>Pachytene Diplotene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aquaporins are

    <p>Involved in active transport of water through the plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The only GAG that occurs as a single long polysaccharide chain is:

    <p>Hyaluronan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA in chloroplasts and mitochondria is transcribed by RNA polymerase III

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There is extensive modification of bases in tRNA molecules

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The OCR result of this image is: "Gene copies which lost ability to produce a functional gene product are called:

    <p>Pseudogenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ...............are............... parts of molecules that do not contain information about a protein's primary structure. Correct answer is:

    <p>Introns ... pre-mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ability of a microscope to distinguish objects separated by small distances

    <p>Resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Damage to DNA

    <p>Some lesions in DNA can be repaired by direct reversal of the damage, which may be a more efficient way of dealing with specific types of DNA damage that occur frequently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The OCR result of this image is: "Transposition via DNA intermediates:

    <p>Elements that move by transposition are called transposable elements, or transposons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The OCR result of this image is: "Contact between cells at adherens junctions is mediated by:

    <p>Cadherins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The OCR result of this image is: "Monosaccharides are joined in dehydration reactions in which water is removed by:

    <p>Glycosidic bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chaperones:

    <p>Catalyze protein folding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true for the protein transport through the nuclear pore complex?

    <p>There is a high concentration of Ran/GDP within the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transcriptional activators typically consist of:

    <p>a and b</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Desmin is:

    <p>Actin filament expressed in muscle cells Intermediate filament expressed in muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The translation of particular mRNAs can be regulated by: 1. Translational repressor proteins 2. Noncoding microRNAs 3. Controlled polyadenylation 4. Elongation

    <p>1,2 and 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The nuclear envelope is composed of two nuclear membranes and:

    <p>Nuclear lamina plus nuclear pore complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eukaryotic transcription requires many proteins in a coordinated fashion to drive the process of converting DNA to RNA. RNA polymerase, the enzyme that initiates transcription, needs a number of factors and components to begin transcribing a gene. Which of the following answers is NOT one of these factors:

    <p>DNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Telomeres

    <p>Telomerase is an enzyme which is able to catalyze the synthesis of telomeres in the absence of a DNA template</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Domains are basic units of:

    <p>Protein tertiary structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which filament(s) is/are polar?

    <p>Microfilaments and microtubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Controls that tie the integrity of the genome with progression throughout the cell cycle

    <p>Checkpoints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The base composition of a virus was found to be: 11% A, 32% G, 18% U and 39% C. It is a:

    <p>RNA virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ribosomes:

    <p>They are usually designated according to their rates of sedimentation: 80S for eukaryotic cells ribosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eukaryotic repressors.

    <p>All answers are correct&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glucose can pass through a membrane:

    <p>Using carrier proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nearly half of the human genome consists of interspersed repetitive elements.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Splicing takes place in the cytoplasm immediately after transcription

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA repair includes: 1. Photoreactivation 2. Excision repair 3. Inclusion repair 4. Transcription-coupled repair

    <p>1, 2 and 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transfer RNAs:

    <p>All answers are correct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nonpolar amino acid is:

    <p>Leucine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Histones are small negatively charged proteins

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    LINC complex connects:

    <p>Lamins to cytoskeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

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