Podcast
Questions and Answers
What effect does a decrease in the surface area to volume (SA/V) ratio have on a cell's efficiency?
What effect does a decrease in the surface area to volume (SA/V) ratio have on a cell's efficiency?
In which phase does transcription occur, and what is its primary function?
In which phase does transcription occur, and what is its primary function?
What triggers a cell to enter the cell cycle to prepare for division?
What triggers a cell to enter the cell cycle to prepare for division?
What is the role of primase during DNA replication?
What is the role of primase during DNA replication?
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What is the primary function of tRNA in the process of translation?
What is the primary function of tRNA in the process of translation?
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Which sequence correctly describes the order of steps in translation?
Which sequence correctly describes the order of steps in translation?
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What is the function of the stop codon during translation?
What is the function of the stop codon during translation?
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How does the lagging strand differ from the leading strand in DNA replication?
How does the lagging strand differ from the leading strand in DNA replication?
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What is the order of nucleotide addition during RNA synthesis?
What is the order of nucleotide addition during RNA synthesis?
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What is the primary role of rRNA in protein synthesis?
What is the primary role of rRNA in protein synthesis?
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Study Notes
SA/V Ratio and Cell Cycle
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A decreasing surface area to volume (SA/V) ratio in a cell makes nutrient intake and waste removal less effective.
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A increasing SA/V ratio in a cell, achieved by smaller size, improves nutrient and waste exchange.
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If the SA/V ratio becomes too small as the cell grows, it triggers signals initiating the cell cycle and cell division.
Cell Cycle and DNA Replication
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DNA replication (S phase): crucial for cell division, involves synthesizing a new DNA strand from an existing template.
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Primase: an enzyme that adds RNA primers to initiate DNA replication.
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Leading strand: synthesizes continuously in the 5' to 3' direction, following the replication fork.
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Okazaki fragments: short DNA segments synthesized discontinuously on the lagging strand (also following 5' to 3' direction), then joined.
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Lagging strand: synthesizes discontinuously in the 5' to 3' direction, opposite to the replication fork.
Transcription
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Transcription (G1 phase): converts DNA instructions into RNA.
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Promoter: region on DNA where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription.
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RNA polymerase: enzyme building RNA based on DNA template.
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RNA is constructed in a 3' to 5'direction while moving along DNA template towards 5' end.
Translation
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Translation: converts RNA instructions into proteins.
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tRNA (transfer RNA): carries amino acids to ribosomes to build proteins.
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rRNA (ribosomal RNA): structural component and catalyst in ribosomes, linking amino acids during protein synthesis.
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mRNA (messenger RNA): carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes.
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Methionine: the first amino acid in most proteins.
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Translation Steps:
- mRNA binds to small ribosomal subunit.
- Ribosome formation and tRNA entry.
- Peptide bond formation.
- Ribosome translocation.
- Stop codon signals translation end.
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Description
This quiz covers concepts related to the surface area to volume (SA/V) ratio in cells and its impact on nutrient exchange and waste removal. It also discusses the cell cycle phases, including DNA replication and the roles of different enzymes and strands. Test your understanding of these fundamental biological processes.
