Cell Cycle and Mitosis Quiz
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What is the significance of the metaphase plate in mitosis?

  • It is the site where the spindle fibers originate.
  • It is the location where the nuclear envelope reforms during telophase.
  • It ensures the chromosomes are properly aligned before separation. (correct)
  • It is the area where the cell membrane invaginates to form the cleavage furrow.

    • During which stage of mitosis do the sister chromatids separate?

  • Anaphase (correct)
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Telophase

    • What is the role of the kinetochore microtubules in mitosis?

  • They elongate the cell during telophase.
  • They control the movement of the centrosomes during prophase.
  • They form the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis.
  • They attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes and pull them apart. (correct)

    • Which of the following conditions is NOT a potential cause of abnormalities in cell division?

    <p>Proper separation of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cell cycle control system?

    <p>To regulate the timing and order of events in the cell cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cell cycle does the cell grow and prepare for DNA replication?

    <p>G1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between mitosis and meiosis?

    <p>Mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells while meiosis produces genetically diverse daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the G0 phase of the cell cycle?

    <p>Cells in G0 are actively synthesizing DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs) in the cell cycle?

    <p>They inhibit the activity of CDKs by binding to CDK-cyclin complexes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) in the cell cycle?

    <p>It targets specific proteins for degradation by the proteasome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the cell cycle checkpoints?

    <p>They are only found in the G1, G2, and M phases of the cell cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of growth factors in the cell cycle?

    <p>They stimulate cell division by binding to specific receptors on target cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a correct pairing of a cyclin and its corresponding CDK?

    <p>Cyclin E - CDK6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cyclin levels fluctuate during the cell cycle?

    <p>They increase and decrease in a cyclical pattern.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the irreversibility of events in the cell cycle?

    <p>The degradation of proteins by the proteasome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a checkpoint question asked during the G2 phase?

    <p>Is DNA fully replicated?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tumor suppressor genes?

    <p>To promote programmed cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cancer cells typically respond to growth factors?

    <p>They manufacture their own growth factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the p53 gene is mutated?

    <p>Damaged cells may continue to divide uncontrollably</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic behavior of cancer cells in the cell cycle?

    <p>They can divide at random points in the cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the p53 protein in normal cells?

    <p>To repair DNA damage and induce apoptosis in severely damaged cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one primary reason cells need to divide?

    <p>For reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cell cycle involves the replication of the genome?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cell cycle does a cell primarily grow and prepare for division?

    <p>G1 phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during cytokinesis?

    <p>Cell divides into two daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a phase of interphase?

    <p>M phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of defects in cell division?

    <p>They can lead to diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are derived from the cell division in the bone marrow?

    <p>Blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many chromosomes do all normal human cells contain?

    <p>46 chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells undergo mitosis to produce identical daughter cells?

    <p>Somatic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of meiosis in sexual reproduction?

    <p>Formation of haploid gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of proteins called condensins during mitosis?

    <p>To condense and prepare chromosomes for duplication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes sister chromatids?

    <p>They are identical copies of a duplicated chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cell division do prokaryotic organisms use?

    <p>Binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cell cycle does chromosome duplication occur?

    <p>Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between somatic cells and gametes?

    <p>Somatic cells are always diploid, gametes are haploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is essential for chromosome movement during mitosis?

    <p>Kinetochore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of kinetochores in the cell cycle?

    <p>To serve as attachment points for microtubules during chromosome movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes condense into discrete structures?

    <p>Prophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the Metaphase stage of mitosis?

    <p>Chromosomes align and attach to spindle fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes Anaphase in the cell cycle?

    <p>Sister chromatids are pulled apart toward opposite poles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during Telophase in animal cells?

    <p>The nuclear envelope reforms around the separated chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During G2 of Interphase, how many centrosomes are present in an animal cell?

    <p>Two centrosomes with two centriole pairs each</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure formed by centrosomes that assists in chromosome movement?

    <p>Mitotic spindle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the chromatin structure at the end of G2 of Interphase?

    <p>Chromatin is fully replicated but not yet condensed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Division & Cell Cycle

    • Cells need to divide for reproduction, growth, and tissue renewal.
    • Cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells.
    • Cells duplicate their genetic material (DNA) before division, ensuring each daughter cell receives an exact copy.
    • DNA is the genetic information, packaged into chromosomes.
    • The cell cycle consists of interphase (normal cell activity) and the mitotic phase (cell division).
    • Interphase is divided into G1 (primary growth), S (genome replication), and G2 (secondary growth) phases.
    • Mitosis (M phase) involves prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
    • Cytokinesis is the division of cytoplasm following mitosis.
    • Prokaryotic cells (bacteria) divide by binary fission, a simpler process than mitosis.
    • Eukaryotic cells, such as those in humans, go through a more complex cell cycle.
    • The rate of cell division varies among different cell types (skin cells divide more frequently than nerve cells).
    • Some cells are unlikely to divide (G0).
    • Defects in cell division can lead to diseases like cancer.
    • Cancer is uncontrolled cell proliferation, due to factors like faulty cell cycle checkpoints or mutations in genes that regulate cell division.
    • Tumor suppressor genes normally slow down cell division and promote apoptosis (programmed cell death).
    • A cell cycle checkpoint is a critical control point where stop and go signals regulate the cycle.
    • Key checkpoints are located in G1, G2, and M phases.
    • Control molecules (e.g., cyclin-dependent kinases, CDKs) pace the cell cycle; activity varies rhythmically.
    • CDKs require cyclins to become active.
    • Cell division is influenced by internal and external factors.
    • Some are proteins called growth factors (e.g., PDGF) that trigger a signal transduction pathway leading to division.

    Mitosis

    • Mitosis is a process of cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells from a single parent cell. This is for growth (repair) in normal cells.
    • There are four stages:
      • Prophase: Condensation of chromosomes, disappearance of nucleolus, and spindle formation.
      • Metaphase: Chromosomes align along the metaphase plate.
      • Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles.
      • Telophase: Chromosomes decondense, and nuclear membrane reforms; two new nuclei are formed.
    • Cytokinesis follows mitosis and involves the cytoplasmic division, creating two separate daughter cells.

    Meiosis

    • Meiosis is a special type of cell division that results in four haploid daughter cells from a single diploid cell. Used for sexual reproduction in the production of gametes (sperm and egg cells).
    • It involves two rounds of cell division (Meiosis I and Meiosis II), reducing the chromosome number by half.

    DNA and Chromosomes

    • DNA, the genetic material, is packaged into chromosomes.
    • Chromosomes are threadlike structures composed of DNA and protein.
    • Each chromosome is made of two sister chromatids, joined at the centromere.

    Functions of Cell Division

    • Reproduction: Amoeba, a single cell eukaryote, can divide and form two new individual organisms.
    • Growth and development: The process of fertilized eggs dividing to form new cells, essential for developing organisms.
    • Tissue renewal: Bone marrow cells divide to give rise to new blood cells, replacing worn-out or damaged cells.

    Eukaryotic Cell Cycle

    • Major phases:
      • Interphase: G1, S, G2 (condensed DNA).
      • Cell Division (M): Mitosis and cytokinesis.
    • Control system molecules that ensure cell cycle regulation.

    Metaphase Chromosome

    • Centromere: Constricted region, carries a specific DNA sequence and two discs of protein (kinetochores).
    • Kinetochores: Attachment sites for microtubules that move chromosomes during cell division.

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    Cell Division & Cell Cycle - Cell Biology MD152 (PDF)

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the cell cycle and mitosis with this quiz. Explore key concepts such as the significance of the metaphase plate, the role of cyclin-dependent kinases, and the differences between mitosis and meiosis. Prepare to check your understanding of cell division and regulatory mechanisms.

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