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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of the cell cycle?
What is the primary purpose of the cell cycle?
- To eliminate damaged cells
- To synthesize proteins and RNA only
- To facilitate nutrient absorption
- To increase cellular size and replicate DNA (correct)
Which phase of interphase is characterized by DNA synthesis?
Which phase of interphase is characterized by DNA synthesis?
- M phase
- G2 phase
- G1 phase
- S phase (correct)
In which stage of mitosis does the nucleus divide?
In which stage of mitosis does the nucleus divide?
- Cytokinesis
- Metaphase
- Telophase
- Anaphase (correct)
What is one main difference between mitosis and meiosis?
What is one main difference between mitosis and meiosis?
Which phase of the cell cycle comes immediately before mitosis?
Which phase of the cell cycle comes immediately before mitosis?
What does the process of cytokinesis involve?
What does the process of cytokinesis involve?
Why is meiosis important for genetic diversity?
Why is meiosis important for genetic diversity?
What can interrupt the cell cycle leading to cell death?
What can interrupt the cell cycle leading to cell death?
What is the main characteristic that distinguishes apoptosis from necrosis?
What is the main characteristic that distinguishes apoptosis from necrosis?
During embryonic development, which cells are programmed to undergo apoptosis?
During embryonic development, which cells are programmed to undergo apoptosis?
What happens to the cell membrane during the process of apoptosis?
What happens to the cell membrane during the process of apoptosis?
What is the role of macrophages during apoptosis?
What is the role of macrophages during apoptosis?
Which of the following describes a scenario where apoptosis is likely to occur?
Which of the following describes a scenario where apoptosis is likely to occur?
What process is primarily triggered by external factors such as pathogens or traumatic injuries?
What process is primarily triggered by external factors such as pathogens or traumatic injuries?
What type of changes occur in a cell during apoptosis?
What type of changes occur in a cell during apoptosis?
How does apoptosis contribute to maintaining body homeostasis?
How does apoptosis contribute to maintaining body homeostasis?
Flashcards
Cell Cycle
Cell Cycle
The series of events that occur in a cell to prepare it for division into two daughter cells.
Interphase
Interphase
The longest stage in the cell cycle where the cell grows and replicates its genetic material.
Mitosis
Mitosis
The stage of the cell cycle where the cell divides and distributes its genetic material to two daughter cells.
Phase G1
Phase G1
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Phase S
Phase S
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Phase G2
Phase G2
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Meiosis
Meiosis
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Cell Death
Cell Death
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Apoptosis
Apoptosis
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Necrosis
Necrosis
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Cell Shape Modification in Apoptosis
Cell Shape Modification in Apoptosis
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Nuclear Fragmentation in Apoptosis
Nuclear Fragmentation in Apoptosis
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Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Bodies
Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Bodies
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Apoptosis in Embryonic Development
Apoptosis in Embryonic Development
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Apoptosis and Tissue Homeostasis
Apoptosis and Tissue Homeostasis
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Apoptosis and Damaged Cells
Apoptosis and Damaged Cells
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Study Notes
Cell Cycle
- Defined as a series of events preparing a cell for division into two daughter cells
- Two main stages: Interphase and Mitosis
- Interphase: Longest stage where the cell increases in size and replicates its genetic material
- Mitosis: Stage where cell division and distribution of genetic materials between daughter and mother cells occur, resulting in identical daughter cells
Interphase
- Divided into three phases: G1, S, and G2
- G1 phase: Cell growth, regaining size after mitosis, synthesizing RNA, enzymes, and regulatory proteins for cellular functions
- S phase: DNA synthesis, cell duplicates its DNA content
- G2 phase: Synthesis of RNA and proteins essential for cell division
Mitosis
- Process where a cell divides to create two identical daughter cells
- First the nucleus divides (karyokinesis), then the cytoplasm divides (cytokinesis)
- Stages: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Meiosis
- Special type of cell division producing gametes (ovules and sperm)
- Reduces chromosome number from 2n to n
- Gene recombination occurs, enhancing genetic diversity
- Two consecutive divisions result in gamete formation
Cell Death
- Cell cycle can be interrupted by various factors like injury, pathogen attack, genetic programming, etc.
- Two main mechanisms for cell death: Apoptosis and Necrosis
Apoptosis
- Programmed cell death (physiological process)
- Examples: embryonic development, balancing cell proliferation, eliminating damaged cells
- Process doesn't damage surrounding cells
- Apoptotic bodies are formed, broken down by phagocytosis, avoiding inflammatory reactions
Necrosis
- Unprogrammed cell death due to trauma or attack
- Cell swells, mitochondrial damage, cell membrane breaks causing release of cell contents
- Neighbouring cells are also affected, leading to tissue damage and inflammation
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