Cell Cycle and Mitosis Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What structure forms in plant cells during division to separate daughter cells?

  • Cell plate (correct)
  • Cell membrane
  • Nucleus
  • Centrioles

What is the term for cells that have a single set of chromosomes?

  • Haploid cells (correct)
  • Zygote cells
  • Diploid cells
  • Somatic cells

What is the diploid number of chromosomes for humans?

  • 69
  • 23
  • 92
  • 46 (correct)

During fertilization, what is formed when male and female gametes combine?

<p>Zygote (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which organs does meiosis occur?

<p>Testes and ovaries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of binary fission?

<p>The parent cell divides into two daughter cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the cell cycle is the longest?

<p>Interphase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the S phase of interphase?

<p>DNA is replicated and sister chromatids form. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes occurs only in prokaryotic cells?

<p>Binary fission (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a centromere?

<p>The region where sister chromatids are joined. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cell cycle primarily composed of?

<p>Interphase and mitotic phases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during interphase?

<p>Cells grow and prepare for division. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event is NOT part of the binary fission process?

<p>Formation of a spindle apparatus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of meiosis?

<p>Sexual reproduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many haploid cells are produced at the end of meiosis?

<p>4 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during prophase I of meiosis?

<p>Crossing-over between non-sister chromatids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phase follows the S phase of interphase in meiosis?

<p>Meiosis I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is random assortment during meiosis?

<p>Chromosomes randomly align during metaphase I (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell initiates the process of meiosis?

<p>Germ cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a result of crossing-over during meiosis?

<p>Genetic variability in offspring (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs after telophase I in meiosis?

<p>Meiosis II begins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many possible orientations can be created from 23 pairs of chromosomes?

<p>8 million (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of meiosis II?

<p>Four haploid gametes are produced (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes spermatogenesis?

<p>It begins at puberty and results in four gametes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does oogenesis differ from spermatogenesis?

<p>Oogenesis results in one gamete at maturity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of mitosis?

<p>For growth and repair of damage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase do chromosomes line up at the equatorial plane?

<p>Metaphase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure forms during cytokinesis in animal cells?

<p>Cleavage furrow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the chromosomes during telophase?

<p>They uncoil and take on a threadlike appearance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is formed by centrioles during prophase?

<p>Spindle apparatus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during anaphase?

<p>Chromatids separate and move to opposite poles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes prophase?

<p>The nuclear membrane breaks down (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is formed immediately after mitosis is completed?

<p>Two identical daughter cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event is NOT part of the mitosis process?

<p>Cytoplasm division (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the spindle fibers during telophase?

<p>They disappear (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Binary Fission

A simple, fast reproduction method in prokaryotic cells where the parent cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

Mitosis

Cell division in eukaryotic cells that produces two identical daughter cells.

Cell Cycle

The repeating cycle of events in a cell's life, from formation to division into two new cells.

Interphase

The period between cell divisions, involved in growth, DNA replication, and cell functions (90% of cell cycle).

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S phase

The phase of interphase where DNA replicates, creating identical sister chromatids.

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Sister Chromatids

Two identical copies of a chromosome joined together.

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Chromosome

A structure made of DNA carrying genetic information.

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Centromere

The region of a chromosome where sister chromatids attach.

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Cell plate formation

A new cell wall forms in the middle of a dividing plant cell, splitting it into two daughter cells.

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Haploid cell

A cell with one set of chromosomes (abbreviated 1n).

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Diploid cell

A cell with two sets of chromosomes (abbreviated 2n).

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Homologous chromosomes

Paired chromosomes, one inherited from each parent, carrying similar genetic information.

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Metaphase

Stage where chromosomes align in the middle of the cell.

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Telophase

Final stage of mitosis, where the cell prepares to split into two.

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Cytokinesis

Division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells.

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Chromatin

Loose, thread-like form of DNA before cell division.

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Spindle Fibers

Microtubules that help move chromosomes during mitosis.

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Centrosomes/Centrioles

Organelles that organize spindle fibers.

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Meiosis Definition

A type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes from diploid to haploid, creating genetically different cells.

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Meiosis Purpose

To produce haploid sex cells (gametes) and introduce genetic diversity through crossing-over and random assortment.

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Germ Cell

The specialized cell type that undergoes meiosis to create gametes.

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Meiosis I Phases

The first division of meiosis consisting of prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I.

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Crossing-over

A process during prophase I where homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material, creating new combinations of genes.

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Random Assortment

The random alignment of homologous chromosome pairs during metaphase I, further increasing genetic variation.

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Diploid to Haploid

The reduction in chromosome number from two sets (diploid) to one set (haploid) during meiosis.

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Meiosis II Phases

The second division of meiosis, identical to mitosis and resulting in four haploid cells.

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Meiosis Anaphase I

Homologous chromosomes, each with two chromatids, separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.

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Meiosis Telophase I

Chromosomes reach opposite ends of the cell, cytokinesis divides the cell into two, each with a haploid number of chromosomes.

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Spermatogenesis

The process of sperm production in males, starting at puberty, resulting in four sperm cells.

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Oogenesis

The process of egg production in females, starting prenatally, that differs from spermatogenesis.

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Study Notes

Cell Cycle and Mitosis

  • Kinds of cell division:
    • Binary fission: occurs in prokaryotic cells, simplest and fastest form of reproduction, parent cell divides into two equal daughter cells. Steps include DNA replication, cell elongation, formation of a new cell wall between the chromosomes, and splitting into two cells.
    • Mitosis: eukaryotic cells, cells are not dividing all the time, the cell cycle repeats, it's the division of cells into two identical daughter cells, purpose is for growth and repair.
    • Meiosis: eukaryotic cells, a type of cell division occurring only in reproductive organs; producing gametes (sperm and egg cells, a reduction division (reducing the number of chromosomes from diploid to haploid).

Binary Fission

  • This happens in prokaryotic cells.
  • Simplest and fastest reproductive method.
  • Parent cell divides into two equal daughter cells.
  • DNA replicates, cell elongates, a new cell wall forms between chromosomes, then it splits into two new cells.

Division in Eukaryotic Cells

  • Cell cycle—repeating set of events that make up a cell's life; from formation ("birth") until division.
  • Interphase (90%)—period between cell divisions, includes: G1 phase (growth), S phase (DNA replication), G2 phase (preparation for cell division).
  • Mitosis/Meiosis (10%)—mitosis for growth and repair, meiosis occurs in reproductive organs (testis/ovaries) to create gametes.

Mitosis

  • Chromosomal "dance" resulting in two identical daughter cells.
  • Major function: growth and repair.
  • Stages:
    • Prophase (condensing DNA, nuclear envelope breaks down, spindle fibers appear)
    • Metaphase (chromosomes align in the center of the cell—metaphase plate)
    • Anaphase (sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles)
    • Telophase (chromosomes decondense, nuclear envelope reforms, spindle fibers disappear, cytokinesis begins).
  • Ends with cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm) resulting in two identical daughter cells.

Stages of Interphase

  • G1 (gap 1) phase—growth and normal metabolic roles, cells grow by synthesizing proteins and organelles
  • S (synthesis) phase—DNA is replicated (doubled). Each chromosome makes a copy of itself, and becomes a double chromosome.
  • G2 (gap 2) phase—growth, prepare for cell division (synthesis of proteins, organelles).
  • G0 (gap zero) phase—non-cycling stage. A cell leaves the cell cycle temporarily or permanently (cardiac muscle cells or nerve cells).

Chromosomes

  • Structure: DNA coiled around proteins.
  • Before the S phase only one chromosome. After the S phase there are now two sister chromatids joined at the centromere.
  • 46 chromosomes in humans (23 pairs).

Meiosis

  • Produces gametes (sex cells—sperm and egg).
  • Two rounds of division (meiosis I and meiosis II).
  • Results in four haploid cells (half the chromosome number of the parent cell).
  • Key Process: Crossing over—homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material. Ensures genetic variation among offspring.
  • Random assortment—how chromosomes pair up during metaphase I is random.

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Cell Cycle and Mitosis Biology PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the cell cycle and different types of cell division, including binary fission, mitosis, and meiosis. This quiz will cover the processes involved and their importance in growth, repair, and reproduction.

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