59 Questions
What is the number of chromosomes in a human cell?
46
What is the term for the division of the cytoplasm during cell division?
Cytokinesis
During which phase of the cell cycle does the cell prepare for division?
G2 phase
What is the term for the area where sister chromatids are connected?
Centromere
What happens to cells at the edge of an injury?
They begin to divide rapidly
What is the purpose of cell cycle regulators?
To act as traffic signals during the cell cycle
What happens to the rate of cell division during the healing process?
It slows down
What is the function of the G1 checkpoint?
To regulate cell division
What happens to cells that do not receive the 'go' signal at the G1 checkpoint?
They exit the cell cycle and enter the G0 phase
What is the main function of the G2 checkpoint?
To repair DNA damages before entering mitosis
What happens if a cell fails to pass the mitosis checkpoint?
The cell will continue to divide uncontrollably
What is the main difference between cancer cells and normal cells?
Cancer cells do not respond to cell cycle regulation signals
What is the main advantage of meiosis over asexual reproduction?
Meiosis produces genetically diverse offspring
What is a characteristic of asexual reproduction?
All offspring are exactly alike
How many cells are produced by an adult human body daily?
Two trillion
What is the result of mitosis in unicellular plants and animals?
Production of new offspring by asexual reproduction
Why is mitosis important in multicellular organisms?
To maintain tissue growth and repair
Which type of cells do not undergo cell division?
Muscle cells and nerve cells
What happens when cells come into contact with other cells?
They stop growing
What is the function of the anticodon on a tRNA molecule?
To bind to the mRNA codon during translation
What would happen if the reading of the mRNA codon starts at the wrong place?
A polypeptide chain with the incorrect sequence would be formed
What is the relationship between a tRNA molecule and a particular amino acid?
Each tRNA molecule is specific for a particular amino acid
What is the purpose of the codon sequence on an mRNA molecule?
To specify the sequence of amino acids in a protein
What is the role of a tRNA molecule during protein synthesis?
To deliver amino acids to the ribosome during translation
What is the sequence of the mRNA codons corresponding to the DNA sequence TAC TTA CAA ACC ATA ATT?
AUG AAU GUU UGG UAU UAA
What is the function of the tRNA anticodon?
To recognize and bind to a specific mRNA codon during translation
What is the name of the molecules that make up the ribosome?
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Where are the large and small ribosomal subunits constructed and exported from?
Nucleolus and exported to the cytoplasm
What is the term for the process of creating a protein from a sequence of mRNA codons?
Translation
How many nitrogen bases are read together in the genetic code?
Three
What is the function of the start codon AUG in protein synthesis?
It specifies the amino acid methionine
How many possible codons are there in the genetic code?
64
What is the function of stop codons in protein synthesis?
They do not code for any amino acid
What is the term for the process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA instructions?
Translation
What is the process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins?
Gene expression
What is the term for a sequence of three nucleotides that specifies an amino acid?
Codon sequence
What is the result of linking many amino acids together?
A protein is made
What is the function of a start codon?
It indicates where the protein-building instructions begin
How many different amino acids are there?
20
What is the purpose of transcription in the context of gene expression?
To copy one gene from the DNA molecule into a complementary RNA molecule
What is the type of RNA molecule that is synthesized during transcription?
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
What is the role of the promoter in the transcription process?
To bind RNA polymerase and initiate transcription
What is the base pairing rule for adenine during transcription?
Adenine pairs with uracil
What is the function of the terminator in the transcription process?
To mark the end of the gene and terminate transcription
What is the primary function of RNA polymerase during transcription?
To transcribe a single gene from the DNA template
What happens to introns during RNA processing and editing?
They are cut out and removed from the RNA
What is the purpose of the mRNA transcript?
To serve as instructions for protein synthesis at the ribosome
What is the difference between exons and introns?
Exons are involved in protein synthesis, while introns are not
What is the result of transcription?
A single-stranded RNA molecule
What is the purpose of the cap and tail added to the RNA molecule?
To help the ribosome identify the start and end of the instructions
Why are introns present in genes?
To allow a single gene to code for more than one type of protein
What determines the type of protein that is made?
The order in which the amino acids are joined
What is the 'language' of mRNA instructions called?
The genetic code
What happens to introns during RNA processing and editing?
They are cut out and removed
What is the function of the start codon in protein synthesis?
It marks the beginning of mRNA translation
What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?
To carry amino acids to the ribosome
What is the relationship between mRNA and tRNA?
tRNA reads the message carried by mRNA
What is the function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?
To bind mRNA and tRNA to the ribosome
What is the sequence of nucleotides that dictates the sequence of amino acids in protein synthesis?
Codons on mRNA
Test your understanding of the cell cycle, cell division, and the regulators that control these processes. Learn how cells respond to injury and how proteins regulate cell division.
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