Cell Cycle and Cell Death Overview
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Questions and Answers

What are the two main purposes of the cell cycle?

To accurately transmit genetic information from the mother cell to the daughter cells and maintain normal ploidy.

What is the longest phase of the cell cycle?

  • M-phase
  • Interphase (correct)
  • G1 phase
  • S phase
  • The restriction point is a phase in G1 where the cell decides if it will continue for another round of cell cycle or enter GO.

    True (A)

    Chromosomes are duplicated during the S phase of the cell cycle

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the protein that plays an important role in regulating the cell cycle at the G1/S checkpoint?

    <p>Retinoblastoma protein (Rb)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name given to the complex formed by the combination of a cyclin and a cyclin-dependent kinase?

    <p>Cyclin-dependent kinase complex (CDK complex)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Autophagy can act as both a tumor suppressor and promoter of tumor formation

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process that leads to uncontrolled cell death and can damage surrounding tissues?

    <p>Necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of cell death or process that involve cell death?

    <p>Apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Labile Cells

    Cells that constantly divide and have a high turnover.

    Stable Cells

    Cells that rarely divide under normal conditions but can re-enter the cell cycle.

    Permanent Cells

    Cells that permanently exit the cell cycle and cannot regenerate.

    Cell Cycle Phases

    Series of events a cell goes through as it grows and divides, including Interphase (G1, S, G2) and M-phase (mitosis and cytokinesis).

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    Interphase

    Non-dividing phase of the cell cycle, encompassing G1, S, and G2 phases.

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    G1 Phase

    Cell growth and organelle duplication, but no DNA replication.

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    S Phase

    DNA replication, doubling the genetic material, but not the number of chromosomes.

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    G2 Phase

    Cell growth, checking for DNA replication errors.

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    M Phase

    Division phase, including mitosis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (cellular division).

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    Mitosis

    Nuclear division resulting in two identical daughter nuclei.

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    Cytokinesis

    Cellular division, creating two separate daughter cells.

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    Restriction Point (R-point)

    Point in G1 where the cell commits to the cell cycle, dictated by Rb phosphorylation.

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    Cell Cycle Checkpoints

    Control points that assess DNA integrity and halt the cell cycle if issues are detected.

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    Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)

    Enzymes that drive the cell cycle by phosphorylating target proteins.

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    Cyclins

    Proteins that activate CDKs, their concentrations fluctuate throughout the cell cycle.

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    Oncogenes

    Mutated proto-oncogenes that drive uncontrolled cell division.

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    Tumor Suppressor Genes

    Genes that normally inhibit cell division, preventing uncontrolled growth.

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    Apoptosis

    Programmed cell death.

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    Necrosis

    Uncontrolled cell death, causing inflammation.

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    Autophagy

    Cellular process where cells degrade and recycle their own components.

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    Caspases

    Proteins that orchestrate the breakdown of cellular components during apoptosis.

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    G0 phase

    A resting phase where cells are not actively dividing.

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    Study Notes

    Cell Cycle and Cell Death

    • Cells are categorized into labile, stable, and permanent types based on their division rates and ability to regenerate.
    • Labile cells divide frequently (epithelial, hematopoietic, germ cells).
    • Stable cells normally don't divide but can be stimulated (hepatocytes, renal tubular cells).
    • Permanent cells do not divide (neurons, cardiomyocytes).

    Cell Cycle Phases

    • The cell cycle consists of interphase (non-dividing) and M-phase (mitotic phase).
    • Interphase is subdivided into G1, S, and G2 phases.
    • G1 phase involves cell growth and organelle duplication.
    • S phase is for DNA replication, doubling the genetic material, but not the chromosome number.
    • G2 phase is for further cell growth and checking for DNA replication errors.
    • The M-phase includes mitosis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division).
    • Cell division duration varies widely between cell types; G1 phase duration is generally variable.
    • Some cells leave the cell cycle and enter the G0 phase, a resting state.
    • The restriction point (R-point) is the decision point in G1 where the cell commits to division or enters G0.

    Main Purpose of Cell Cycle

    • Accurate transmission of genetic information from the mother cell to daughter cells.
    • Maintaining normal ploidy; humans are diploid.

    Somatic Cell Division

    • Interphase is 95% of the cell cycle, focusing on growth and DNA replication..
    • Mitosis comprises prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
    • Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm.

    Cell Cycle Regulation

    • Cell cycle length varies by cell type.
    • Checkpoints are control points that check for DNA integrity during the cell cycle's G1/S, S, and G2/M phases.
    • Retinoblastoma protein (Rb) plays a critical role at the G1/S checkpoint.
    • Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are key regulators, with CDKs inactive unless bound to cyclin.
    • CDKs exert effects through phosphorylation.
    • The R-point depends on the status of DNA material, and is growth-factor dependent.
    • Growth factors allow progression through the cell cycle; TGF-ß blocks this.

    Proto-oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes

    • Proto-oncogenes promote cell cycle progression.
    • Mutations in proto-oncogenes transform them into oncogenes, leading to uncontrolled division.
    • Tumor suppressor genes prevent uncontrolled division, and mutations in them contribute to uncontrolled cell division.

    Cell Death Mechanisms

    • Apoptosis is programmed cell death, essential for development, tissue homeostasis, and damaged cellular elimination.
    • Necrosis is an uncontrolled process due to severe injury/stress, causing inflammation and cellular damage.
    • Autophagy involves the cell's degradation and recycling of components.
    • Pyroptosis is another form of programmed cell death; it is characterized by inflammation.
    • There are numerous cellular functions and disorders associated with these mechanisms.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the cell cycle phases, types of cells based on division rates, and the processes involved in cell death. It covers the characteristics of labile, stable, and permanent cells and delves into the stages of interphase and M-phase. Test your knowledge on these fundamental biological concepts.

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