Cell Communication & Signaling
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of receptors on the plasma membrane?

  • To generate energy for the cell
  • To specifically bind to certain substances (correct)
  • To synthesize proteins for export
  • To regulate cell division

Where are the receptors located that are involved in chemical transmission?

  • Plasma membrane (correct)
  • Mitochondria
  • Nucleus
  • Endoplasmic reticulum

What is the source of ligands to which the receptors bind?

  • Lysosomes
  • Ribosomes
  • Soluble ligands (correct)
  • Golgi apparatus

Activation of cell membrane receptors can lead to which of the following intracellular changes?

<p>Changes in ion permeability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of signaling involves cells responding to signals they themselves produce?

<p>Autocrine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process can be initiated by signals transmitted from cell membrane receptors?

<p>DNA synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of signaling uses hormones transported through the bloodstream?

<p>Endocrine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of signaling involves the release of neurotransmitters across a narrow space?

<p>Synaptic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of paracrine signaling?

<p>Acting on neighboring cells via local mediators (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In synaptic signaling, where are neurotransmitters released?

<p>At synapses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What facilitates direct cytoplasmic communication between plant cells?

<p>Plasmodesmata (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of signaling involves cells stimulating themselves?

<p>Autocrine signaling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure permits chemical, mechanical, and electrical coupling between neighboring animal cells?

<p>Gap junctions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What relies on local mediators, as seen in inflammation?

<p>Paracrine signaling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes informative secreted molecules released by secretory cells that act on distant target cells?

<p>Signaling molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily differentiates paracrine, synaptic, and endocrine signaling?

<p>The speed and selectivity of signal delivery. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adrenaline can function as which of the following?

<p>Both a hormone and a neurotransmitter. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the delivery of signaling molecules occur in plants, considering their unique structure?

<p>Through plasmodesmata between neighboring cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are signaling molecules in plants called?

<p>Phytohormones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compared to animals, phytohormones are generally:

<p>Less chemically diverse and lower in number. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecule are water-soluble signaling molecules primarily?

<p>Protides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required for water-soluble signaling molecules to transmit signals inside target cells?

<p>Specific membrane receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a neurotransmitter that is an amino acid derivative?

<p>Acetylcholine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a glycoprotein hormone?

<p>Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a liposoluble signaling molecule?

<p>Testosterone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of protein are membrane receptors typically classified as?

<p>Allosteric proteins or glycoproteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a glycoprotein hormone?

<p>Insulin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate result of a ligand binding to a membrane receptor?

<p>Conformational change of the receptor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential outcome of receptor activation?

<p>Activation of specific proteins that trigger a cascade of reactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of liposoluble signaling molecules?

<p>They activate endocellular receptors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do liposoluble signaling molecules typically enter target cells?

<p>By diffusion through the lipid bilayer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the possible effects of activating membrane receptors on cellular processes?

<p>Modification of gene transcription (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is commonly regulated by liposoluble signaling molecules in target cells?

<p>Regulation of gene expression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What change in RNA synthesis can be caused by receptor activation?

<p>Activation of RNA synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical duration of effect for water-soluble signaling molecules?

<p>Few milliseconds to few minutes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of an antagonist molecule in cell signaling?

<p>To block a receptor, preventing it from binding to other molecules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of agonist molecules?

<p>Mimicking the action of a natural signaling molecule. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an agonist?

<p>Nicotine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a therapeutic application of identifying signaling molecule antagonists?

<p>Treating allergic reactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism used by membrane receptors for chemical signals?

<p>Allosteric (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)?

<p>They regulate a wide variety of cellular processes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following molecules is known to bind to GPCRs?

<p>Peptide hormones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of fatty acids in the context of G proteins?

<p>To attach the G protein to the plasma membrane. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does information transfer occur between the membrane receptor and primary effectors in GPCR signaling?

<p>Through the functional cycle of the G protein. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function that GPCRs are involved in regulating?

<p>Sensory perception (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the interaction between a ligand and its receptor?

<p>High affinity and specific interaction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical range for the number of receptors found in a target cell?

<p>10,000 to 100,000 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does an agonist affect a receptor?

<p>It binds to the receptor and activates it, producing a biological response. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of an antagonist in relation to a receptor?

<p>To bind to the receptor but not activate it, blocking the effect. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the direct result of ligand-induced receptor activation?

<p>A very high amplification of the cellular response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Plasma Membrane Receptors

Receptors on the plasma membrane specifically bind to soluble ligands, extracellular matrix, and components on the surface of other cells.

Signal Transduction

Stimulation of cell surface receptors can be converted to intracellular signals.

Enzyme Activation

Intracellular signals can activate specific enzymes.

Cytoskeleton and Permeability Changes

Intracellular signals can cause changes in cytoskeletal organization and ion permeability.

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DNA Synthesis & Gene Expression

Intracellular signals can initiate DNA synthesis and affect gene expression.

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Gap Junctions

Direct communication via intercellular channels.

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Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)

Proteins facilitating cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions.

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Chemical Signals

Informative molecules secreted to act on target cells. These can act at short or long distances.

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Plasmodesmata

Plasma bridges for direct cytoplasmic communication in plants.

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Paracrine Signaling

Signaling to nearby cells via local mediators.

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Autocrine Signaling

Cells signal to themselves using signaling molecules.

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Synaptic Signaling

Neurons transmit signals across synapses using neurotransmitters.

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Endocrine Signaling

Endocrine cells release hormones into the bloodstream.

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Intercellular Communication

Communication between cells via secreted molecules.

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Phytohormones

Signaling molecules in plants; less diverse than animal hormones.

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Pleiotropic Effects of Phytohormones

One phytohormone can trigger multiple different responses within a plant.

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Water-Soluble Signaling Molecules

Signaling molecules that dissolve in water, mainly amino acids, peptides, and proteins.

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Local Chemical Mediators

Local chemicals such as growth factors, histamine, serotonin, and eicosanoids.

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Neurotransmitters

Amino acids or derivatives like noradrenaline, acetylcholine, and GABA.

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Glycoprotein/Protein Hormones

Hormones like insulin, ACTH, PTH, FSH, LH, and adrenaline.

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Liposoluble Signaling Molecules

Signaling molecules that dissolve in lipids, such as steroids like estradiol and testosterone.

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Glycoprotein and Protein Hormones

Hormones like insulin, ACTH, PTH, FSH, and LH, as well as adrenaline.

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Liposoluble Signals Characteristics

Activation of endocellular receptors, regulation of gene expression, and induction of late responses with longer duration in target cells.

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Water-Soluble Signals Characteristics

Characterized by a very short life, cause rapid responses in target cells and participate in the active regulation of pre-existing proteins.

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Membrane Receptors

Allosteric proteins or glycoproteins that undergo reversible modification upon ligand binding.

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Receptor Activation

The process where ligand binding alters the receptor's shape, activating it.

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Agonist

A substance that binds to a receptor and activates it, triggering a biological response.

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Antagonist

A substance that binds to a receptor but does not activate it, instead blocking the action of an agonist.

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Results of Receptor Activation

Receptor activation's consequences include opening ion channels, triggering enzymes, activating proteins, influencing gene transcription/RNA synthesis, and modifying cytoskeletal organization.

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Signaling Molecule

A molecule that binds to a receptor on a cell membrane, triggering a chain of events inside the cell.

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Allosteric Receptors

Receptors that change shape upon binding to a signaling molecule, initiating a cellular response.

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Therapeutic Applications

Using agonists/antagonists to treat diseases. (e.g., antihistamines for allergies).

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GPCRs

A vast family of cell surface receptors involved in a wide array of cellular processes.

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GPCR Ligands

Peptide hormones, neurotransmitters, photons, odorants, tastants and chemotractants.

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G Protein Function

Relays information between the membrane receptor and primary effector molecules.

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Ligand-induced Amplification

Ligand-induced receptor activation leads to a significant increase in the cellular response.

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G Protein Subunits

Alpha, beta, and gamma subunits.

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G Protein Location

Attached to the inner layer of the plasma membrane via fatty acids.

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High Affinity Interaction

Specific and strong interaction between a ligand and its receptor.

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Receptor Quantity

Target cells contain this finite yet significant number of receptors.

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