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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) in relation to Galpha subunits?
What is the primary function of GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) in relation to Galpha subunits?
Which role does the Gβγ subunit play in regulating cardiac function?
Which role does the Gβγ subunit play in regulating cardiac function?
What characterizes second messengers in signaling pathways mediated by G-proteins?
What characterizes second messengers in signaling pathways mediated by G-proteins?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Galpha subunit when bound to GTP?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Galpha subunit when bound to GTP?
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What happens to the Galpha subunit when it transitions from GTP-bound to GDP-bound state?
What happens to the Galpha subunit when it transitions from GTP-bound to GDP-bound state?
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What is the primary GTP-binding protein in heterotrimeric G-proteins?
What is the primary GTP-binding protein in heterotrimeric G-proteins?
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In which conformation do G-alpha, G-beta, and G-gamma subunits associate together?
In which conformation do G-alpha, G-beta, and G-gamma subunits associate together?
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What triggers GDP release from the G-alpha subunit?
What triggers GDP release from the G-alpha subunit?
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What happens to the G-alpha subunit upon GTP binding?
What happens to the G-alpha subunit upon GTP binding?
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Which subunits of heterotrimeric G-proteins are involved in downstream signaling?
Which subunits of heterotrimeric G-proteins are involved in downstream signaling?
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Which Galpha subunit is responsible for inhibiting adenylyl cyclase?
Which Galpha subunit is responsible for inhibiting adenylyl cyclase?
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How do G-alpha and G-gamma subunits interact with cellular membranes?
How do G-alpha and G-gamma subunits interact with cellular membranes?
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What is the effect of GPCR activation on the G-alpha subunit?
What is the effect of GPCR activation on the G-alpha subunit?
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What is the primary role of G-proteins in signal transduction?
What is the primary role of G-proteins in signal transduction?
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Which amino acid residues are primarily targeted for phosphorylation by kinases?
Which amino acid residues are primarily targeted for phosphorylation by kinases?
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What accelerates the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP in G proteins?
What accelerates the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP in G proteins?
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What effect do GEFs have on G proteins?
What effect do GEFs have on G proteins?
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How do the distinct GTP and GDP states influence G proteins?
How do the distinct GTP and GDP states influence G proteins?
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What is the primary function of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)?
What is the primary function of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)?
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What is a primary function of signal transduction pathways?
What is a primary function of signal transduction pathways?
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What is the structural characteristic of GPCRs?
What is the structural characteristic of GPCRs?
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Which statement about feedback regulation in signal transduction pathways is true?
Which statement about feedback regulation in signal transduction pathways is true?
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Which of the following describes the role of antagonists in relation to GPCRs?
Which of the following describes the role of antagonists in relation to GPCRs?
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What distinguishes small GTPases from heterotrimeric GTPases?
What distinguishes small GTPases from heterotrimeric GTPases?
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How do small molecules interact with GPCRs?
How do small molecules interact with GPCRs?
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Why are GPCRs significant in pharmacology?
Why are GPCRs significant in pharmacology?
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What type of response is initiated by the beta-adrenergic receptor when activated?
What type of response is initiated by the beta-adrenergic receptor when activated?
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Which of the following statements about GPCR signaling is correct?
Which of the following statements about GPCR signaling is correct?
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What role does naloxone play in relation to opioid receptors?
What role does naloxone play in relation to opioid receptors?
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What happens if a cell is deprived of survival signals?
What happens if a cell is deprived of survival signals?
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How do different target cells respond to acetylcholine despite having the same receptor type?
How do different target cells respond to acetylcholine despite having the same receptor type?
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What characterizes fast signaling pathways?
What characterizes fast signaling pathways?
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Which type of signaling occurs when two cells are in direct physical contact?
Which type of signaling occurs when two cells are in direct physical contact?
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Which signaling method communicates over long distances via the bloodstream?
Which signaling method communicates over long distances via the bloodstream?
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What defines autocrine signaling?
What defines autocrine signaling?
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Which signaling mechanism has effects that occur over short distances, typically within a few cell diameters?
Which signaling mechanism has effects that occur over short distances, typically within a few cell diameters?
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In which scenario would a signal exert its effect the slowest?
In which scenario would a signal exert its effect the slowest?
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What does the diverse responses to a single signaling molecule typically depend on?
What does the diverse responses to a single signaling molecule typically depend on?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding signals acting on different time scales?
Which of the following statements is true regarding signals acting on different time scales?
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What is the role of cAMP in cellular signaling?
What is the role of cAMP in cellular signaling?
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How does caffeine affect cAMP levels in neurons?
How does caffeine affect cAMP levels in neurons?
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What initiates the signaling process that leads to glycogen breakdown in muscles?
What initiates the signaling process that leads to glycogen breakdown in muscles?
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What is the outcome of cAMP activation of PKA in gene expression?
What is the outcome of cAMP activation of PKA in gene expression?
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Which of the following describes the role of phospholipase C (PLC)?
Which of the following describes the role of phospholipase C (PLC)?
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What does diacylglycerol do in the signaling cascade?
What does diacylglycerol do in the signaling cascade?
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What is the significance of the rise in Ca+2 concentration in cells?
What is the significance of the rise in Ca+2 concentration in cells?
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What is the function of phosphorylase kinase in glycogen metabolism?
What is the function of phosphorylase kinase in glycogen metabolism?
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Which statement is true regarding cAMP signaling pathways?
Which statement is true regarding cAMP signaling pathways?
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What is the role of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) in cellular signaling?
What is the role of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) in cellular signaling?
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What types of processes does the rise in cAMP influence?
What types of processes does the rise in cAMP influence?
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How does the signaling via cAMP and PKA compare to other signaling pathways?
How does the signaling via cAMP and PKA compare to other signaling pathways?
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What is the initial step when GPCR is activated by a ligand?
What is the initial step when GPCR is activated by a ligand?
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What effect does calcium binding to PKC have?
What effect does calcium binding to PKC have?
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Study Notes
Cell Communication 1: GPCRs
- This lecture investigates cellular signaling, focusing on G-protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs), their activators, G-proteins, and downstream effectors.
- Signaling pathways are divided into three components:
- Cells detect a signal via an appropriate receptor.
- The signal is relayed within the cell via a series of proteins.
- The cell responds by changing cellular protein activity, gene expression, or both.
- Biological signals are diverse, ranging from light, small molecules (e.g., dopamine, morphine), proteins (e.g., Wnt signaling), to mechanical signals.
- A cell phone analogy for signal transduction: receiving radio signals, converting these into sounds, and vice-versa demonstrates how cells receive signals from various sources and convert them to intracellular responses.
- Input from the environment (or other cells) elicits specific responses. Cells convert these external signals into intracellular changes.
- Cells can respond only to signals they can detect.
Signaling Pathways
- Eukaryotic cells depend on multiple extracellular signals.
- Signals can be combined or act alone; this determines cellular responses.
- Cells only respond to signals they detect and cells can respond differently to the same signal based on cell type and internal factors.
- Cells use multiple signaling pathways and receptors to generate responses.
- Cells can respond to signals over varying distances, ranging from direct contact (contact-dependent) to signaling over distances like local signaling (paracrine), or long distance signaling (endocrine).
- Autocrine signaling is when a cell signals to itself.
GPCRs
- GPCRs are the largest family of cell surface receptors in animals (over 700 in humans).
- GPCRs detect various signals, including odorants, light, and other molecules.
- GPCRs have a 7 transmembrane helix structure. They have extracellular N-terminus and extracellular loops.
- Ligand binding to the GPCR's outer surface triggers conformational changes that impact the intracellular components of the receptor allowing for intracellular signaling.
- GPCRs are major drug targets for many medications.
- Different GPCRs can be activated by various agonists (molecules that activate the receptors) but also inhibited by antagonists (molecules that bind and prevent activation).
GTP-Binding Proteins (G-Proteins)
- G-proteins cycle between active and inactive conformations based on whether they bind GTP or GDP.
- These proteins are central to intracellular communication.
- G-proteins exist in active (GTP bound) or inactive (GDP bound) states; they regulate downstream effector activities.
- G proteins are usually regulated by accessory proteins (e.g. GEFs and GAPs) which promote either the exchange GDP for GTP or stimulate the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP.
- GPCR activation drives GTP exchange on Galpha.
- G proteins dissociate into two signaling complexes when activated.
Signal Transduction Pathways
- Signal transduction pathways convert a signal from one form to another, allowing the signal to be transmitted and amplified within the cell.
- Receptors detect input, relay signals to target proteins, and then activate processes within the cell.
- Pathways can create molecules which amplify signals initiating a variety of possible downstream events within the cell
- Signals can have rapid/on-off effects (e.g., milliseconds to minutes) or sustained/long-term effects (e.g., minutes to hours), depending on the nature of the signal and pathways/effectors involved.
Effectors
- G-proteins can regulate ion channels allowing changes in cell membrane permeability.
- G-proteins activate membrane-bound enzymes (e.g., adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase C) that make second messengers (e.g., cAMP and IP3).
- Second messengers trigger downstream actions and effects in the cell to change its state.
Calcium
- Low intracellular calcium levels are maintained by calcium pumps on the cell membrane and within organelles like the ER.
- Calcium signaling is an important intracellular signal controlling multiple cellular processes and is not limited to activating proteins like PKC.
PKA
- PKA phosphorylates other proteins, ultimately leading to changes in gene expression; involved in signaling pathways that have both fast and immediate effects and long-term regulatory effects on cell function.
- PKA is involved in glycogen utilization by the skeletal muscles when activated by cAMP.
- PKA phosphorylates glycogen phosphorylase, leading to glycogen breakdown and releasing glucose for energy.
- PKA signaling can also involve changes in long term gene expression.
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Description
This quiz explores the fascinating world of cellular signaling through G-protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs). It covers the components of signaling pathways, types of biological signals, and how cells process and respond to these signals. Gain a deeper understanding of how cellular communication shapes biological responses in various contexts.