36 Questions
Which cells are responsible for carrying oxygen to cells and tissues?
Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
What is the primary function of Neutrophils in the immune system?
Direct harm to pathogens
In the immune system, where do Monocytes migrate into and differentiate into macrophages?
Tissues
Which cell type is known for giving rise to platelets essential for blood clotting?
Megakaryocytes
What is the primary function of immature Dendritic cells in the immune system?
Capture antigen
Which cell type is considered the most potent antigen-presenting cell for activating naïve T cells?
Dendritic cells
Which type of cells are responsible for producing antibodies as part of the immune response?
B lymphocytes (B cells)
What receptors do T-cytotoxic cells have on their surface that help in immune responses?
CD8 molecules
What is the role of chemokines and cytokines in triggering inflammation?
Induce vasodilation and recruit innate immune cells
Where does T and B cell activation occur?
Lymph node
What distinguishes B cells from T cells?
Recognition of antigens in their natural form
What is the primary function of antibodies?
Bind to antigens
Why is it essential for an epitope to be presented on MHC molecules?
To activate T cell receptors
What happens during clonal selection in the immune response?
Elimination of self-reactive cells
Where do B cells arise and mature?
Bone marrow
What is the characteristic feature of inflammation induced by chemokines and cytokines?
Redness, heat, and swelling
What is the role of cytokines and chemokines in cell communication?
Initiate cell migration
What is the key role of dendritic cells in the immune system?
Detecting pathogens using PRRs
Which type of immune response is known for being fast and non-specific as a first line of defense?
Innate immune response
What do pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) do in the immune system?
Detect broad categories of molecules found in pathogens
Which cells express pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in the immune system?
Macrophages
What triggers an immune response in the presence of a pathogen?
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
Which cells are involved in inducing local inflammation in the innate immune response?
Macrophages
'Encoded in the germline' refers to what aspect of immune system components?
Inherited receptors that do not change
Which type of pathogen can replicate outside of a living cell?
Bacteria
Where does hematopoiesis, the process of differentiating hematopoietic stem cells into mature blood cells, occur?
Bone marrow
Which immune response is the first line of defense and is fast but non-specific?
Innate immunity
Which primary lymphoid organ is responsible for generating immune cells?
Thymus
Which type of immune cell gives rise to B and T cells, as well as NK cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs)?
Dendritic cells
What is the primary difference between humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity?
Humoral immunity involves antibodies produced by B cells, while cell-mediated immunity involves T cells with effector functions.
What happens after T and B cells are activated in lymphoid organs?
They differentiate into effector cells that can combat infections through humoral and cell-mediated activities.
What is a characteristic feature of B cells that distinguishes them from other immune cells?
B cells have specific receptors that are Y-shaped.
Which statement accurately describes cell-mediated immunity?
Cell-mediated immunity involves primarily T-lymphocytes that contribute to adaptive immunity through various effector functions.
What is the significance of humoral immunity in combating pathogens?
Humoral immunity involves the production of antibodies by B cells to combat pathogens.
What occurs after an infection is successfully neutralized in terms of immune response?
There is a downregulation of T cells and a development of immunological memory.
How does immunization contribute to adaptive immune responses?
Immunization induces deliberate adaptive immune responses, providing active long-lasting protection.
Test your knowledge on key types of cell communication such as activation, signaling, migration, transcription, and cellular differentiation. Learn about secreted proteins, receptors on the cell surface, intracellular signaling molecules, transcription factors, and antigens.
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