Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the two major parts of a cell?
What are the two major parts of a cell?
Nucleus and cytoplasm
What is the historic scientific theory that living organisms are made up of cells called?
What is the historic scientific theory that living organisms are made up of cells called?
Cell theory
Which of the following scientists contributed to cell theory?
Which of the following scientists contributed to cell theory?
The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization of organisms.
The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization of organisms.
Signup and view all the answers
Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Signup and view all the answers
Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs outside of cells.
Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs outside of cells.
Signup and view all the answers
All cells are basically the same in chemical composition in organisms of similar species.
All cells are basically the same in chemical composition in organisms of similar species.
Signup and view all the answers
What allowed the classification of cells into eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
What allowed the classification of cells into eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following belong to the eukaryotes?
Which of the following belong to the eukaryotes?
Signup and view all the answers
Prokaryotes have a typical nucleus and subcellular components.
Prokaryotes have a typical nucleus and subcellular components.
Signup and view all the answers
A cell has three major components. Which of the following is NOT a component?
A cell has three major components. Which of the following is NOT a component?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the thin membrane that envelops a cell called?
What is the thin membrane that envelops a cell called?
Signup and view all the answers
The plasma membrane defines the periphery of the cell separating the cell contents from the surrounding environment.
The plasma membrane defines the periphery of the cell separating the cell contents from the surrounding environment.
Signup and view all the answers
The plasma membrane is composed of a lipid bilayer and protein embedded in it.
The plasma membrane is composed of a lipid bilayer and protein embedded in it.
Signup and view all the answers
The plasma membrane has highly permeable properties.
The plasma membrane has highly permeable properties.
Signup and view all the answers
Receptor proteins on the membrane transmit signals into the cell.
Receptor proteins on the membrane transmit signals into the cell.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm in which particles are suspended called?
What is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm in which particles are suspended called?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT an important organelle suspended in the cytoplasm?
Which of the following is NOT an important organelle suspended in the cytoplasm?
Signup and view all the answers
The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of interconnecting membranes enclosing channels or cisternae.
The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of interconnecting membranes enclosing channels or cisternae.
Signup and view all the answers
The endoplasmic reticulum is continuous from the outer nuclear envelope to the inner plasma membrane.
The endoplasmic reticulum is continuous from the outer nuclear envelope to the inner plasma membrane.
Signup and view all the answers
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is where complex lipid and steroid are synthesized.
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is where complex lipid and steroid are synthesized.
Signup and view all the answers
The rough endoplasmic reticulum appears rough due to the attachment of ribosomes.
The rough endoplasmic reticulum appears rough due to the attachment of ribosomes.
Signup and view all the answers
Drug detoxification occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Drug detoxification occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Signup and view all the answers
The nucleus is the most important organelle.
The nucleus is the most important organelle.
Signup and view all the answers
All mammalian cells contain a nucleus except mature red blood cells (RBCs).
All mammalian cells contain a nucleus except mature red blood cells (RBCs).
Signup and view all the answers
The nucleus is where the DNA, the genetic material of the cell, is stored.
The nucleus is where the DNA, the genetic material of the cell, is stored.
Signup and view all the answers
The DNA consists of the complete set of genes (genome) of the organism only in prokaryotes.
The DNA consists of the complete set of genes (genome) of the organism only in prokaryotes.
Signup and view all the answers
The nucleus governs the cell because it contains the DNA which is the chemical basis of the genes.
The nucleus governs the cell because it contains the DNA which is the chemical basis of the genes.
Signup and view all the answers
The genetic material, DNA, forms chromatin by complexing with histone protein.
The genetic material, DNA, forms chromatin by complexing with histone protein.
Signup and view all the answers
Chromatin is further organized into chromosomes.
Chromatin is further organized into chromosomes.
Signup and view all the answers
The nucleolus is where protein synthesis takes place.
The nucleolus is where protein synthesis takes place.
Signup and view all the answers
DNA replication takes place in the nucleolus.
DNA replication takes place in the nucleolus.
Signup and view all the answers
Mitochondria are spherical oval or rod-shaped bodies in the cytoplasm.
Mitochondria are spherical oval or rod-shaped bodies in the cytoplasm.
Signup and view all the answers
Mitochondria are involved in the breakdown of food stuff and release energy.
Mitochondria are involved in the breakdown of food stuff and release energy.
Signup and view all the answers
Mitochondria store energy as ATP for the use of the cell in other metabolic processes.
Mitochondria store energy as ATP for the use of the cell in other metabolic processes.
Signup and view all the answers
Mitochondria have only one membrane.
Mitochondria have only one membrane.
Signup and view all the answers
The enzymes of the electron transport chain (ETC), where energy is trapped, are found in the inner membrane folds of mitochondria.
The enzymes of the electron transport chain (ETC), where energy is trapped, are found in the inner membrane folds of mitochondria.
Signup and view all the answers
Cytochrome P450, involved in steroid synthesis, is found in the mitochondria.
Cytochrome P450, involved in steroid synthesis, is found in the mitochondria.
Signup and view all the answers
Mature red blood cells contain mitochondria.
Mature red blood cells contain mitochondria.
Signup and view all the answers
Mammalian cells have specific DNA called mitochondrial DNA, distinct from the DNA in the nucleus.
Mammalian cells have specific DNA called mitochondrial DNA, distinct from the DNA in the nucleus.
Signup and view all the answers
Lysosomes are large organelles where foreign particles are digested.
Lysosomes are large organelles where foreign particles are digested.
Signup and view all the answers
Lysosomes are comparable to incinerators where waste is burnt.
Lysosomes are comparable to incinerators where waste is burnt.
Signup and view all the answers
Enzymes released from lysosomes can cause tissue damage.
Enzymes released from lysosomes can cause tissue damage.
Signup and view all the answers
Lysosomes help in the destruction of bacteria and other foreign bodies and the removal of excessive secretory products in the cells of the glands.
Lysosomes help in the destruction of bacteria and other foreign bodies and the removal of excessive secretory products in the cells of the glands.
Signup and view all the answers
The Golgi complex or Golgi apparatus is a network of flat, smooth membranes and vesicles.
The Golgi complex or Golgi apparatus is a network of flat, smooth membranes and vesicles.
Signup and view all the answers
The main function of the Golgi apparatus is to sort, package, mature, and release protein already synthesized.
The main function of the Golgi apparatus is to sort, package, mature, and release protein already synthesized.
Signup and view all the answers
The Golgi aparattus is present in all cells, including red blood cells.
The Golgi aparattus is present in all cells, including red blood cells.
Signup and view all the answers
Peroxisomes contain enzymes such as peroxidases and catalases, which are concerned with the metabolism of peroxides.
Peroxisomes contain enzymes such as peroxidases and catalases, which are concerned with the metabolism of peroxides.
Signup and view all the answers
Peroxisomes are also capable of carrying out β-oxidation of fatty acids.
Peroxisomes are also capable of carrying out β-oxidation of fatty acids.
Signup and view all the answers
The cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells contains networks of protein filaments.
The cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells contains networks of protein filaments.
Signup and view all the answers
The cytoskeleton helps fix organelles in the cell.
The cytoskeleton helps fix organelles in the cell.
Signup and view all the answers
The cytoskeleton is a rigid permanent framework of the cell.
The cytoskeleton is a rigid permanent framework of the cell.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a primary protein filament of the cytoskeleton?
Which of the following is NOT a primary protein filament of the cytoskeleton?
Signup and view all the answers
Microfilaments are about 5 nm in diameter and are made up of protein actin.
Microfilaments are about 5 nm in diameter and are made up of protein actin.
Signup and view all the answers
Microfilaments form a meshwork just underlying the plasma membrane of cells, referred to as the cell cortex.
Microfilaments form a meshwork just underlying the plasma membrane of cells, referred to as the cell cortex.
Signup and view all the answers
Microfilaments disappear as cell motility increases but do not reappear when motility stops.
Microfilaments disappear as cell motility increases but do not reappear when motility stops.
Signup and view all the answers
Microfilaments help maintain the shape of the cell.
Microfilaments help maintain the shape of the cell.
Signup and view all the answers
Microfilaments help cellular movement.
Microfilaments help cellular movement.
Signup and view all the answers
Microtubules are cylindrical tubes, 20 to 25 nm in diameter, made up of protein tubulin.
Microtubules are cylindrical tubes, 20 to 25 nm in diameter, made up of protein tubulin.
Signup and view all the answers
Microtubules are necessary for the formation and function of the mitotic spindle.
Microtubules are necessary for the formation and function of the mitotic spindle.
Signup and view all the answers
Microtubules prevent tubules of the endoplasmic reticulum from collapsing.
Microtubules prevent tubules of the endoplasmic reticulum from collapsing.
Signup and view all the answers
Microtubules are major components of axons and dendrites.
Microtubules are major components of axons and dendrites.
Signup and view all the answers
Intermediate filaments are so called because their diameter (10 nm) is intermediate between that of microfilaments (5 nm) and microtubules (25 nm).
Intermediate filaments are so called because their diameter (10 nm) is intermediate between that of microfilaments (5 nm) and microtubules (25 nm).
Signup and view all the answers
Intermediate filaments are formed from fibrous proteins which varies with different tissue type.
Intermediate filaments are formed from fibrous proteins which varies with different tissue type.
Signup and view all the answers
Intermediate filaments play a role in cell-to-cell attachment.
Intermediate filaments play a role in cell-to-cell attachment.
Signup and view all the answers
Intermediate filaments help stabilize the epithelium.
Intermediate filaments help stabilize the epithelium.
Signup and view all the answers
Intermediate filaments provide strength and rigidity to axons.
Intermediate filaments provide strength and rigidity to axons.
Signup and view all the answers
The cytoskeleton gives cells their characteristic shape and form.
The cytoskeleton gives cells their characteristic shape and form.
Signup and view all the answers
The cytoskeleton provides attachment points for organelles, fixing their location in cells.
The cytoskeleton provides attachment points for organelles, fixing their location in cells.
Signup and view all the answers
The cytoskeleton makes communication between parts of the cell possible.
The cytoskeleton makes communication between parts of the cell possible.
Signup and view all the answers
The cytoskeleton helps separate chromosomes during cell division.
The cytoskeleton helps separate chromosomes during cell division.
Signup and view all the answers
The internal movement of cell organelles and cell locomotion would be possible without the cytoskeleton.
The internal movement of cell organelles and cell locomotion would be possible without the cytoskeleton.
Signup and view all the answers
The cytoskeleton acts as a track on which cells can move organelles, chromosomes, and other things.
The cytoskeleton acts as a track on which cells can move organelles, chromosomes, and other things.
Signup and view all the answers
One of the functions of the plasma membrane is to regulate the passage of a variety of small molecules across it.
One of the functions of the plasma membrane is to regulate the passage of a variety of small molecules across it.
Signup and view all the answers
Biological membranes are permeable membranes.
Biological membranes are permeable membranes.
Signup and view all the answers
The movement of molecules across a membrane is restricted because of size, charge, or solubility.
The movement of molecules across a membrane is restricted because of size, charge, or solubility.
Signup and view all the answers
The permeability of substances across the cell membrane is dependent on their solubility in lipids and not on their molecular size.
The permeability of substances across the cell membrane is dependent on their solubility in lipids and not on their molecular size.
Signup and view all the answers
Water-soluble compounds are generally permeable and do not require carrier-mediated transport.
Water-soluble compounds are generally permeable and do not require carrier-mediated transport.
Signup and view all the answers
An important function of the membrane is to withhold unwanted molecules while permitting the entry of molecules necessary for cellular metabolism.
An important function of the membrane is to withhold unwanted molecules while permitting the entry of molecules necessary for cellular metabolism.
Signup and view all the answers
Transport mechanisms are classified into two types. Which of the following is NOT a transport mechanism?
Transport mechanisms are classified into two types. Which of the following is NOT a transport mechanism?
Signup and view all the answers
Passive transport requires energy in the form of ATP.
Passive transport requires energy in the form of ATP.
Signup and view all the answers
The direction of passive transport is always from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration.
The direction of passive transport is always from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration.
Signup and view all the answers
Active transport is always from a region of lower concentration to one of higher concentration.
Active transport is always from a region of lower concentration to one of higher concentration.
Signup and view all the answers
Active transport is classified into two types according to the source of energy used.
Active transport is classified into two types according to the source of energy used.
Signup and view all the answers
Primary active transport is directly coupled with hydrolysis of ATP.
Primary active transport is directly coupled with hydrolysis of ATP.
Signup and view all the answers
Secondary active transport uses an energy generated by an electrochemical gradient.
Secondary active transport uses an energy generated by an electrochemical gradient.
Signup and view all the answers
Secondary active transport is classified into two types: co-transport and counter-transport.
Secondary active transport is classified into two types: co-transport and counter-transport.
Signup and view all the answers
Co-transport is when both substances move simultaneously across the membrane in the same direction.
Co-transport is when both substances move simultaneously across the membrane in the same direction.
Signup and view all the answers
Counter-transport is when both substances move simultaneously across the membrane in opposite directions.
Counter-transport is when both substances move simultaneously across the membrane in opposite directions.
Signup and view all the answers
The process by which cells take up large molecules is called exocytosis, and the process by which cells release large molecules from the cells to the outside is called endocytosis.
The process by which cells take up large molecules is called exocytosis, and the process by which cells release large molecules from the cells to the outside is called endocytosis.
Signup and view all the answers
There are two types of endocytosis: pinocytosis (cellular drinking) and phagocytosis (cellular eating).
There are two types of endocytosis: pinocytosis (cellular drinking) and phagocytosis (cellular eating).
Signup and view all the answers
Pinocytosis is the only process by which most macromolecules, such as proteins, polysaccharides, and polynucleotides, can enter cells.
Pinocytosis is the only process by which most macromolecules, such as proteins, polysaccharides, and polynucleotides, can enter cells.
Signup and view all the answers
Molecules first attach to specific receptors on the surface of the membrane before undergoing pinocytosis.
Molecules first attach to specific receptors on the surface of the membrane before undergoing pinocytosis.
Signup and view all the answers
Phagocytosis involves the ingestion of large particles such as viruses, bacteria, cells, tissue debris, or a dead cell.
Phagocytosis involves the ingestion of large particles such as viruses, bacteria, cells, tissue debris, or a dead cell.
Signup and view all the answers
Phagocytosis only occurs in specialized cells, such as macrophages and white blood cells.
Phagocytosis only occurs in specialized cells, such as macrophages and white blood cells.
Signup and view all the answers
Phagocytosis occurs in the same way as pinocytosis.
Phagocytosis occurs in the same way as pinocytosis.
Signup and view all the answers
To obtain purified preparations of organelles, tissue is first carefully broken up in a homogenizing apparatus using a hypertonic solution.
To obtain purified preparations of organelles, tissue is first carefully broken up in a homogenizing apparatus using a hypertonic solution.
Signup and view all the answers
Sucrose solution is used because it is not metabolized in most tissues.
Sucrose solution is used because it is not metabolized in most tissues.
Signup and view all the answers
Sucrose solution does not pass through membranes readily.
Sucrose solution does not pass through membranes readily.
Signup and view all the answers
Sucrose solution does not cause interorganelles to swell.
Sucrose solution does not cause interorganelles to swell.
Signup and view all the answers
The homogenate is centrifuged at a series of increasing centrifugal force.
The homogenate is centrifuged at a series of increasing centrifugal force.
Signup and view all the answers
The subcellular organelles, which differ in size and specific gravity, sediment at different rates and can be isolated from the homogenate by differential centrifugation.
The subcellular organelles, which differ in size and specific gravity, sediment at different rates and can be isolated from the homogenate by differential centrifugation.
Signup and view all the answers
The dense nuclei are sedimented last, followed by the mitochondria.
The dense nuclei are sedimented last, followed by the mitochondria.
Signup and view all the answers
After all the particulate matter has been removed, the soluble remnant is the cytosol.
After all the particulate matter has been removed, the soluble remnant is the cytosol.
Signup and view all the answers
Organelles of similar sedimentation coefficients can be easily separated by differential centrifugation.
Organelles of similar sedimentation coefficients can be easily separated by differential centrifugation.
Signup and view all the answers
Mitochondria isolated by this method are not contaminated with lysosomes and peroxisomes.
Mitochondria isolated by this method are not contaminated with lysosomes and peroxisomes.
Signup and view all the answers
Organelles can be separated by isopycnic centrifugation technique.
Organelles can be separated by isopycnic centrifugation technique.
Signup and view all the answers
The purity of isolated subcellular fractions is assessed by analyzing marker enzymes.
The purity of isolated subcellular fractions is assessed by analyzing marker enzymes.
Signup and view all the answers
Marker enzymes are the enzymes located exclusively in a particular fraction.
Marker enzymes are the enzymes located exclusively in a particular fraction.
Signup and view all the answers
Analysis of marker enzymes confirms the identity of the isolated fraction and indicates the degree of contamination with other organelles.
Analysis of marker enzymes confirms the identity of the isolated fraction and indicates the degree of contamination with other organelles.
Signup and view all the answers
Isolated mitochondria have a high specific activity of cytochrome oxidase, but low catalase and acid phosphatase.
Isolated mitochondria have a high specific activity of cytochrome oxidase, but low catalase and acid phosphatase.
Signup and view all the answers
The low activity of catalase and acid phosphatase in isolated mitochondria is due to contamination with peroxisomes and lysosomes.
The low activity of catalase and acid phosphatase in isolated mitochondria is due to contamination with peroxisomes and lysosomes.
Signup and view all the answers
The plasma membrane contains a variety of enzymes, including 5'-nucleotidase and Na+-K+ ATPase.
The plasma membrane contains a variety of enzymes, including 5'-nucleotidase and Na+-K+ ATPase.
Signup and view all the answers
The nucleus contains DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, and protein synthesis enzymes.
The nucleus contains DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, and protein synthesis enzymes.
Signup and view all the answers
The endoplasmic reticulum contains high levels of glucose-6-phosphatase.
The endoplasmic reticulum contains high levels of glucose-6-phosphatase.
Signup and view all the answers
Golgi bodies contain galactosyl transferase.
Golgi bodies contain galactosyl transferase.
Signup and view all the answers
Lysosomes contain high levels of acid phosphatase.
Lysosomes contain high levels of acid phosphatase.
Signup and view all the answers
Mitochondria contain succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome C oxidase.
Mitochondria contain succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome C oxidase.
Signup and view all the answers
Peroxisomes contain high levels of catalase.
Peroxisomes contain high levels of catalase.
Signup and view all the answers
The cytosol contains lactate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.
The cytosol contains lactate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Cell Biology: Structure & Function
- Cells are the fundamental structural and functional units of all living organisms.
- The major components of a cell are the nucleus and cytoplasm.
- Cell theory postulates that all living organisms are composed of one or more cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and organization of organisms, cells arise from pre-existing cells, and the activity of an organism depends on the total activity of independent cells.
Cell Definition and Theory
- Cells are the basic units of structure and function for all living things.
- Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) happens within cells.
- Cells contain DNA within their nucleus and cytoplasm.
- Cells in similar species have basically the same chemical composition.
- Eukaryotes have a nucleus enclosed by a nuclear membrane.
- Eukaryotic cells are generally larger than prokaryotic cells.
- Prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound nucleus. Examples include bacteria and blue-green algae.
Structure and Functions of a Cell and its Subcellular Components
- A typical eukaryotic cell has three main components: the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.
- The plasma membrane separates the cell's contents from the surrounding environment.
- It has selective permeability which is regulated by membrane transport proteins.
- Membrane also acts as barrier to many charged or polar compounds.
- Proteins and other components are interspersed within the lipid bilayer.
The Fluid Mosaic Model of Cell Membrane
- Membrane structure is described as a fluid mosaic model.
- Proposed by Nicholson and Singer in 1972.
- The bilayer is fluid due to an appropriate mixture of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in the phospholipids.
- Proteins are interspersed within the lipid bilayer.
- Peripheral proteins are on the membrane surface and connected by ionic bonds.
- Integral membrane proteins span the bilayer, connected by hydrophobic bonds (Van der Waals forces).
- The cholesterol content influences membrane fluidity.
Cytoplasm and its Organelles
- Cytoplasm is the internal volume enclosed by the plasma membrane.
- Cytosol is the clear fluid in which other cell components are suspended.
- Six vital organelles in the cytoplasm are: endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, and the nucleus.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
- The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of interconnected membranes.
- It extends from the outer nuclear membrane to the plasma membrane.
- Consists of rough ER (with ribosomes, protein synthesis) and smooth ER (lipid and steroid synthesis; drug detoxification).
Nucleus
- All cells (except mature red blood cells) have a nucleus.
- The nucleus houses DNA (genetic material).
- DNA organizes into chromatin, then chromosomes.
- Nucleolus is an area of the nucleus involved in RNA synthesis.
- DNA Replication occurs in the nucleus.
Mitochondria
- Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell.
- They release energy from food oxidation.
- The process stores energy as ATP.
- Inner membrane has folded cristae containing enzymes of the electron transport chain (ETC).
- Some DNA is found within mitochondria.
Lysosomes
- These are organelles involved in digesting foreign substances.
- They contain enzymes that break down substances.
Golgi Complex
- The Golgi apparatus packages and processes proteins for secretion.
- A network of flat, smooth membranes and vesicles.
Peroxisome
- Peroxisomes house enzymes to metabolize peroxides and some fatty acids.
The Cytoskeleton
- The cytoskeleton gives cells their shape and structure.
- Interacts with other components, including the plasma membrane.
- Contains three filament types: microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments.
- Microfilaments are involved in cell contractility and support of the cell cortex.
- Microtubules maintain cell shape.
- Intermediate filaments provide strength.
Functions of Cytoskeleton
- Maintains cell shape and form.
- Provides attachment points for organelles.
- Facilitates communication between cell parts.
- Necessary for cell division processes.
- Supports cellular movement and muscle contraction,
- Carries organelles, chromosomes and other things
Membrane Transport
- Plasma membranes regulate the passage of molecules.
- Permeability depends on size, charge, and solubility.
- Water-soluble compounds often require carrier-mediated transport.
- Transport mechanisms classified into passive and active transport.
Passive Transport
- Passive transport (e.g., diffusion) moves molecules down a concentration gradient without energy input.
- Simple diffusion refers to lipid-soluble molecules passing directly through the membrane.
- Facilitated diffusion requires carrier proteins to transport molecules across the membrane.
Active Transport
- Active transport moves molecules against a concentration gradient which requires energy.
- Primary active transport uses ATP directly to drive the transport. An example is the Na+-K+ pump (sodium-potassium pump).
- Secondary active transport uses the electrochemical gradient created by primary active transport to move molecules. (Symport or Antiport)
Transport of Macromolecules Across the Plasma Membrane
- Endocytosis involves taking in large molecules into the cell.
- Pinocytosis is a process of cellular uptake of fluid and fluid contents.
- Phagocytosis involves ingestion of large particles.
- Exocytosis is the release of particles from the cell.
Cell Fractionation
- Separating organelles for study by differential centrifugation (using different speeds and forces).
- Isopycnic methods can separate similar density components.
- Purity of obtained parts is verified with analyses of marker enzymes. These characteristic enzymes provide identification of the components.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of cell biology, including the definitions and theories surrounding cell structure and function. This quiz covers important topics such as cell theory, eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, and the components of cells that contribute to their organization and energy flow.
