Cell Biology Quiz

Study Notes

Cell Biology

Two main types of cells: eukaryotic and prokaryotic
Eukaryotic cells further divided into plant and animal cells
Prokaryotic cells include bacterial cells
Light microscope, common in GCSE biology
Magnification formula: magnification = image size / actual size
Electron microscopes provide higher magnification and resolution than light microscopes
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with potential to specialize
Specialized cells adapted for specific functions (e.g., nerve, sperm, egg, brain, muscle cells)
Mitosis is cell division creating two identical daughter cells
Mitosis crucial for growth processes like root and shoot development
Diffusion and osmosis are passive transport processes (high to low concentration)
Active transport is an active process (low to high concentration, requiring energy)

Organization

Cells form tissues, tissues form organs, organs form organ systems
Enzymes are biological catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions
Lock and key model describes enzyme-substrate interaction
Key digestive enzymes: protease, carbohydrase, lipase
Digestive system includes mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum
Circulatory system consists of heart and blood
Heart has four chambers (left and right atria, left and right ventricles) connected by four blood vessels
Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart
Capillaries facilitate substance exchange between blood and tissues
Plant organization involves leaf structure, xylem, and phloem
Xylem transports water from roots through transpiration
Phloem transports food up and down the plant through translocation

Infection and Response

Communicable diseases spread from person to person
Four main pathogen types: bacteria, protists, fungi, viruses
Pathogens spread via air, direct contact, or water
Hygiene, self-isolation, and vaccination prevent disease spread
Body's immune system has three lines of defense against pathogens
First line of defense: physical barriers (skin, hairs, mucus, stomach acid)
Second line of defense: phagocytosis by white blood cells
Third line of defense: lymphocytes produce antibodies and memory cells
Vaccines introduce weakened/inactive pathogens to stimulate immune system
Drug development ensures a new drug's safety and efficacy before public use

Bioenergetics

Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy
Photosynthesis equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Factors affecting photosynthesis: CO2 concentration, water, temperature, sunlight intensity, chlorophyll
Respiration breaks down glucose to release energy
Respiration equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
Metabolism encompasses all chemical reactions in the body
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, producing CO2 and water
Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen, producing lactic acid or ethanol
Oxygen debt occurs during strenuous exercise, repaying oxygen used during anaerobic respiration

Description

Test your knowledge on cell biology concepts including eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, microscopy techniques, and cell division. This quiz covers essential topics such as stem cells, specialized cells, and the processes of mitosis, diffusion, and osmosis. Perfect for students studying GCSE biology.