Cell Biology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of proteins?

  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes (correct)
  • Chloroplasts
  • Nucleus

Diffusion requires energy to move molecules across a cell membrane.

False (B)

What are the four main stages of mitosis in order?

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

The ______ is the gel-like substance that fills the cell and contains the organelles.

<p>cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following specialized cells with their primary functions:

<p>Nerve cells = Transmit electrical signals Muscle cells = Contract to cause movement Red blood cells = Carry oxygen throughout the body Root hair cells = Absorb water and minerals from the soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of animal tissue?

<p>Meristematic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vaccinations introduce a weakened or inactive form of a pathogen to stimulate the immune system.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between active transport and diffusion.

<p>Active transport requires energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient, while diffusion is passive and requires no energy. Active transport moves molecules from areas of low concentration to high concentration, while diffusion moves molecules from areas of high concentration to low concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT a limiting factor for photosynthesis?

<p>Water availability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anaerobic respiration produces more ATP than aerobic respiration.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main products formed during the electrolysis of water?

<p>Hydrogen gas (H₂) and oxygen gas (O₂)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of ______ involves the release of energy from glucose.

<p>respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of bonding with their corresponding properties.

<p>Ionic Bonding = High melting point, brittle, conducts electricity when molten Covalent Bonding = Low melting point, non-conductors Metallic Bonding = High melting point, malleable, ductile, good conductors</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an endothermic reaction?

<p>Thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Atoms of the same element always have the same number of neutrons.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general formula for a neutralization reaction?

<p>Acid + Alkali → Salt + Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which formula correctly represents gravitational potential energy?

<p>$mgh$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Electric current is inversely proportional to resistance according to Ohm's Law.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for efficiency?

<p>Efficiency = (useful energy output / total energy input) x 100</p> Signup and view all the answers

The total kinetic and potential energy of particles in a substance is referred to as _______.

<p>internal energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of energy with their definitions:

<p>Kinetic energy = Energy of motion Gravitational potential energy = Energy stored due to an object's height Thermal energy = Energy related to temperature and heat Chemical energy = Energy stored in chemical bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Photosynthesis Equation

6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂, describes how plants convert CO₂ and H₂O into glucose and O₂.

Factors affecting Photosynthesis

Light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, and temperature can limit the rate of photosynthesis.

Aerobic Respiration

Requires oxygen and produces lots of ATP, the energy currency of cells.

Anaerobic Respiration

Does not require oxygen, produces less ATP, and results in lactic acid formation.

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Proton Number

Also known as atomic number, it defines the identity of an element in the periodic table.

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Kinetic Energy

Energy of a moving object, given by 1/2mv² where m is mass and v is velocity.

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Ionic Compounds

Formed by the electrostatic attraction between cations and anions, have high melting points and conduct electricity when molten.

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Efficiency

The ratio of useful energy output to total energy input, expressed as a percentage.

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Specific Heat Capacity

The amount of energy required to change the temperature of a unit mass by 1 degree Celsius, Q = mcΔT.

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Exothermic Reactions

Chemical reactions that release energy to the surroundings, resulting in a negative ΔH value.

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Endothermic Reactions

Chemical reactions that absorb energy, resulting in a positive ΔH value, like thermal decomposition.

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Ohm's Law

The relationship between voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R): V = IR.

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Nuclear Fission

The process of splitting an atom's nucleus to release energy, used in nuclear reactors.

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Nucleus

The organelle that contains DNA and controls cell activity.

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Mitochondria

Organelles responsible for respiration and energy production.

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Diffusion

The movement of particles from high to low concentration.

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Osmosis

The movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane.

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Mitosis

A process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells.

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Pathogens

Microorganisms that cause disease, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists.

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Antibodies

Proteins produced by lymphocytes that bind to antigens to fight infections.

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Vaccinations

Introduce a weakened form of a pathogen to stimulate immune response.

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Study Notes

Cell Biology

  • Cells have organelles with specific functions
    • Nucleus: controls cell activity, contains DNA
    • Cytoplasm: gel-like substance where reactions occur
    • Ribosomes: protein synthesis
    • Mitochondria: respiration, energy production
    • Chloroplasts (plant cells): photosynthesis
    • Cell wall (plant cells): provides support
    • Cell membrane: controls what enters/exits the cell
  • Specialized cells have adaptations for their roles
    • Examples: nerve cells (transmit electrical signals), muscle cells (contract), red blood cells (carry oxygen), root hair cells (absorb water/minerals)
  • Cell division
    • Mitosis: cell division process with stages (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) crucial for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.
    • Cell cycle: Interphase, Mitosys, Cytokinesis, the cell cycle is the series of events that takes place in a cell leading to its duplication.
    • Control of the cell cycle: regulates cell division.

Transport in Cells

  • Diffusion: movement from high to low concentration, influenced by surface area, concentration gradient, and temperature.
  • Osmosis: movement of water across a semipermeable membrane, based on water potential.
  • Active transport: movement against a concentration gradient, requiring energy. Examples: mineral uptake by plant roots.

Organization

  • Animal tissues:
    • Epithelial: Covers surfaces, protection.
    • Connective: Supports and connects tissues (e.g., blood, bone, cartilage).
    • Muscle: Contracts for movement
    • Nervous: Transmits electrical signals.
  • Organs and organ systems:
    • Examples: heart (circulatory system), lungs (respiratory system), stomach and intestines (digestive system), kidneys (excretory system).
    • Interactions: Systems working together (e.g., circulatory and respiratory systems for oxygen transport).

Infection and Response

  • Communicable diseases:
    • Pathogens: Bacteria (Salmonella), viruses (measles), fungi (athlete's foot), protists (malaria).
    • Transmission: Direct contact, air, water, vectors.
  • Immune responses:
    • White blood cells: Phagocytes (engulf pathogens), lymphocytes (produce antibodies).
    • Antibodies: Proteins that bind to antigens.
    • Antigens: Molecules on the surface of pathogens
    • Vaccinations: Introduce weakened/inactive pathogen to stimulate antibody production.
    • Herd immunity: Protection for a population when many individuals are immune.

Bioenergetics

  • Photosynthesis:
    • Equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
    • Factors: Light intensity, CO2 concentration, temperature
  • Respiration:
    • Aerobic: Requires oxygen, produces ATP
    • Anaerobic: Does not require oxygen, produces less ATP and lactic acid.

Chemistry

  • Atomic structure and periodic table:
    • Atomic structure: protons, neutrons, electrons, isotopes.
    • Periodic table: groups and periods, trends in properties.
  • Ionic and covalent bonding:
    • Ionic: electrostatic attraction between ions
    • Covalent: sharing electrons
  • Energy changes:
    • Exothermic (releases energy):ΔH is negative
    • Endothermic (absorbs energy): ΔH is positive

Physics

  • Energy:
    • Energy stores: kinetic, gravitational potential, elastic potential, chemical, thermal
    • Energy changes and transfers.
  • Electricity:
    • Current, potential difference, resistance, Ohm's Law (V = IR).
    • Series and parallel circuits. Domestic circuits.
  • Particle model of matter:
    • Changes of state (melting, boiling, freezing, condensation, sublimation, deposition) relationship to particle movement.

Internal Energy

  • Internal energy: Total kinetic and potential energy of particles in a substance
  • Relationship to temperature: Internal energy increases as temperature increases
  • Specific heat capacity: Q = mcΔT (where Q is energy transferred, m is mass, c is specific heat capacity, and ΔT is the change in temperature).
  • Atomic structure and radioactivity
    • Atoms and isotopes: isotopes, Radioactive decay: (alpha, beta, gamma), Half-life
    • Nuclear radiation: Ionizing radiation, uses (medical tracers, radiotherapy), hazards (cell damage, cancer). Nuclear fission (splitting of atoms) and fusion (joining of atoms).

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