Podcast
Questions and Answers
Microfilaments are primarily composed of myosin subunits.
Microfilaments are primarily composed of myosin subunits.
False
Cilia and flagella both have a 9+2 arrangement of microtubules.
Cilia and flagella both have a 9+2 arrangement of microtubules.
True
Ribosomes are composed of equal parts RNA and protein.
Ribosomes are composed of equal parts RNA and protein.
False
Fixed ribosomes are responsible for synthesizing soluble proteins that remain in the cytoplasm.
Fixed ribosomes are responsible for synthesizing soluble proteins that remain in the cytoplasm.
Signup and view all the answers
The nucleus is responsible for the majority of cell functions.
The nucleus is responsible for the majority of cell functions.
Signup and view all the answers
Cytosol makes up approximately 70% of the cell volume.
Cytosol makes up approximately 70% of the cell volume.
Signup and view all the answers
The sedimentation coefficient of ribosomes is 70S.
The sedimentation coefficient of ribosomes is 70S.
Signup and view all the answers
Microvilli contain clusters of actin filaments that are not cross-linked to each other.
Microvilli contain clusters of actin filaments that are not cross-linked to each other.
Signup and view all the answers
The cytoplasm's aqueous component is made up of 90% water and 10% macromolecules.
The cytoplasm's aqueous component is made up of 90% water and 10% macromolecules.
Signup and view all the answers
Cytogel is the liquid form of cytoplasm.
Cytogel is the liquid form of cytoplasm.
Signup and view all the answers
Centrioles are involved in the direct formation of the mitotic spindle in a 9+0 array.
Centrioles are involved in the direct formation of the mitotic spindle in a 9+0 array.
Signup and view all the answers
ATP provides energy for the movement of microvilli.
ATP provides energy for the movement of microvilli.
Signup and view all the answers
Zone A of the cytoplasm contains the centrioles and centrosphere.
Zone A of the cytoplasm contains the centrioles and centrosphere.
Signup and view all the answers
Zone B of the cytoplasm is primarily gelated.
Zone B of the cytoplasm is primarily gelated.
Signup and view all the answers
Ectoplasm is the term used to describe the interior liquid of the cell.
Ectoplasm is the term used to describe the interior liquid of the cell.
Signup and view all the answers
The composition of cytosol includes RNA.
The composition of cytosol includes RNA.
Signup and view all the answers
The inner membrane of the mitochondria contains enzymes for the Krebs cycle and cholesterol metabolism.
The inner membrane of the mitochondria contains enzymes for the Krebs cycle and cholesterol metabolism.
Signup and view all the answers
Under aerobic conditions, glycolysis and the citric acid cycle can produce 36 molecules of ATP per mole of glucose.
Under aerobic conditions, glycolysis and the citric acid cycle can produce 36 molecules of ATP per mole of glucose.
Signup and view all the answers
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is associated with protein synthesis and has ribosomes on its surface.
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is associated with protein synthesis and has ribosomes on its surface.
Signup and view all the answers
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes that are important for the synthesis of proteins.
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes that are important for the synthesis of proteins.
Signup and view all the answers
During post-translational modification, the signal-recognition particle enhances the elongation of polypeptides.
During post-translational modification, the signal-recognition particle enhances the elongation of polypeptides.
Signup and view all the answers
Decarboxylation reactions in the citric acid cycle produce CO2 and H atoms, which are ultimately converted to water.
Decarboxylation reactions in the citric acid cycle produce CO2 and H atoms, which are ultimately converted to water.
Signup and view all the answers
Cytochromes b, c, c1, a, and a3 are part of the electron transport system located in the outer membrane of the mitochondria.
Cytochromes b, c, c1, a, and a3 are part of the electron transport system located in the outer membrane of the mitochondria.
Signup and view all the answers
Granular or rough endoplasmic reticulum is associated with storage and transport of lipids.
Granular or rough endoplasmic reticulum is associated with storage and transport of lipids.
Signup and view all the answers
The rough endoplasmic reticulum participates in the contraction process in muscle cells.
The rough endoplasmic reticulum participates in the contraction process in muscle cells.
Signup and view all the answers
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is primarily found in muscle cells.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is primarily found in muscle cells.
Signup and view all the answers
The Golgi apparatus is responsible for the detoxification of substances.
The Golgi apparatus is responsible for the detoxification of substances.
Signup and view all the answers
Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes and are involved in the degradation of cellular components.
Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes and are involved in the degradation of cellular components.
Signup and view all the answers
During interphase, chromatin adjacent to centromeres is associated with fibrous lamina.
During interphase, chromatin adjacent to centromeres is associated with fibrous lamina.
Signup and view all the answers
Lysosomes maintain a low pH due to the presence of proton pumps in their membranes.
Lysosomes maintain a low pH due to the presence of proton pumps in their membranes.
Signup and view all the answers
The Golgi apparatus modifies and concentrates proteins before transport.
The Golgi apparatus modifies and concentrates proteins before transport.
Signup and view all the answers
Euchromatin is more electron-dense than heterochromatin.
Euchromatin is more electron-dense than heterochromatin.
Signup and view all the answers
Glycoconjugates are finished by adding remaining sugars in lysosomes.
Glycoconjugates are finished by adding remaining sugars in lysosomes.
Signup and view all the answers
Chromatin consists mainly of coiled strands of RNA bound to basic proteins.
Chromatin consists mainly of coiled strands of RNA bound to basic proteins.
Signup and view all the answers
Heterochromatin is associated with a more inactive metabolic state than euchromatin.
Heterochromatin is associated with a more inactive metabolic state than euchromatin.
Signup and view all the answers
The nuclear envelope is usually continuous with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
The nuclear envelope is usually continuous with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Signup and view all the answers
Nuclear pores are approximately 70nm in size and are bridged by an electron-dense membrane.
Nuclear pores are approximately 70nm in size and are bridged by an electron-dense membrane.
Signup and view all the answers
The fibrous lamina is composed of three main proteins known as lamins.
The fibrous lamina is composed of three main proteins known as lamins.
Signup and view all the answers
The size of the nucleolus is directly unrelated to the synthetic activity of the cell.
The size of the nucleolus is directly unrelated to the synthetic activity of the cell.
Signup and view all the answers
Nucleoli may fuse to form a single nucleolus as the cell progresses through the cell cycle.
Nucleoli may fuse to form a single nucleolus as the cell progresses through the cell cycle.
Signup and view all the answers
The human genome contains 5 pairs of chromosomes that do not include nucleolar organizer.
The human genome contains 5 pairs of chromosomes that do not include nucleolar organizer.
Signup and view all the answers
The Pars fibrosa consists of primary transcripts of rRNA genes.
The Pars fibrosa consists of primary transcripts of rRNA genes.
Signup and view all the answers
Active ribosomes are found in the nucleolus during protein synthesis.
Active ribosomes are found in the nucleolus during protein synthesis.
Signup and view all the answers
Nucleoli are prominent in nerve and Sertoli cells due to their metabolic activity.
Nucleoli are prominent in nerve and Sertoli cells due to their metabolic activity.
Signup and view all the answers
Lamellar bodies in cells contain proteins for immediate cellular functions.
Lamellar bodies in cells contain proteins for immediate cellular functions.
Signup and view all the answers
Glycogen granules are visible as dark 15-30 nm wide granules in electron microscopy.
Glycogen granules are visible as dark 15-30 nm wide granules in electron microscopy.
Signup and view all the answers
Negri bodies are a type of lipid droplet found in the cytoplasm.
Negri bodies are a type of lipid droplet found in the cytoplasm.
Signup and view all the answers
The nucleolus is primarily composed of proteins and metabolites.
The nucleolus is primarily composed of proteins and metabolites.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Cell Cytoplasm & Nucleus
- Objectives: Students will gain thorough knowledge of cell multicellularity, specialization, cytoplasm composition, cytoplasmic zones, membrane-bound organelles, non-membrane-bound organelles, the cell nucleus and its components, and applied/clinical anatomy.
Introduction
- The hallmark of multicellular life is diverse cellular types working together for development, physiological responses, and reproduction of the whole organism.
- Eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells following multicellularity and specialization.
Cell
- The cytoplasm carries out most cell functions, depending on the nucleus for guidance and renewal.
- The nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio commonly falls within a range of 1:3 to 1:5.
Cytoplasm (I)
- Cytoplasm fills the cell as a homogeneous, clear, jelly-like material.
- It's primarily cytosol (~70% of cell volume) and organelles (except the nucleus).
- Cytosol is composed of water, salts, organic molecules, enzymes, and a significant amount of RNA.
- Hyaloplasm is another name for the watery component of the cytoplasm.
Cytoplasm (II)
- Cytoplasm's watery component can vary between gel-like and liquid based on cell conditions and activity stages.
- Cytogel is the gel-like state (viscid solid), and cytosol is the liquid state.
- Typically, the cell's margins are more gel-like, while the interior is predominantly liquid.
Zones of Cytoplasm (I)
- Zone A (Cytocentrum): Contains centrioles, centrosphere, potentially bounded by microtubules, and often surrounded by the Golgi apparatus.
Zones of Cytoplasm (II)
- Zone B (Endoplasm): Most organelles are located here. Cytoplasmic streaming occurs, rapidly moving organelles.
- Zone C (Ectoplasm): Gel-like. Capable of rapid sol-gel transformation; rich in microfilaments.
Cell Organelles
- Cytoplasm includes cytosol and organelles (both membrane-bound and non-membrane-bound).
Non-membranous Organelles
-
Cytoskeleton:
- Composed of microfilaments (actin), intermediate filaments, thick filaments (myosin), and microtubules (tubulin).
- Provides support and facilitates movement of cell structures/materials.
- Centrioles: Involved in direct formation of the mitotic spindle. Arranged in a 9+0 configuration from microtubules.
-
Ribosomes:
- Composed of 60% RNA and 40% proteins.
- Sedimentation coefficient of 70S. ~20 x 30 nm.
- Can dissociate into large (50S) and small (30S) subunits.
- Can be free or fixed, with fixed ribosomes often attached to rough ER. Free ribosomes build proteins for the cytoplasm & nucleus.
-
Cilia, Flagella, Stereocilia: All contain specialized arrangements of microtubules in a 9+2 array, and are involved in cell movement.
- Microvilli: 1 µm long and 0.08 µm wide. Centrioles: 0.3 to 0.5 µm length, 0.15 µm wide; Cilia: 5 to 10 µm length, 0.2 µm wide; Flagella: 100 µm long; Stereocilia: longer than microvilli; not mobile
Mitochondria
- 0.5-1 µm wide; up to 10 µm in length.
- Accumulation in areas of high metabolic activity (e.g., cells with active transport).
- Functions: Transform chemical energy from metabolites into usable energy for the cell;
- Number: varies with cell's requirement; Mature RBCs lack mitochondria; rely on glycolysis for energy.
- Composition: Primarily proteins, some lipids, DNA/RNA;
- Membranes: Double membrane with inner layer folds (cristae) for increased surface area containing oxidative phosphorylation enzymes and e− transport systems. Cristae have increased density in high metabolic rate cells.
- Matrix: Contains enzymes for Krebs Cycle and fatty acid β-oxidation and rounded e-dense granules rich in Ca and Mg.
- Permeability: Outer membrane is relatively permeable; inner membrane is more selective.
- Function: The major site of energy production for the cell that yields ATP from cellular respiration.
Smooth & Rough ER
- Rough ER: Has ribosomes, associated with protein synthesis.
- Smooth ER: Lacks ribosomes, associated with lipid synthesis, detoxification, and other metabolic functions in specific cells.
Golgi Apparatus
- Concentrates, modifies, and packages secretory products for transport to the cell membrane or for intracellular use.
- Completes formation of glycoconjugates (like the addition of sugars).
Lysosomes
- Round, single-membrane-bound structures.
- Contain hydrolytic enzymes to break down waste materials in the cell (e.g. digestion).
- Involved in cellular digestion and recycling of material.
Nucleus
- Shape: Variable (round, elongated).
- Location: Variable, typically central.
- Size: Variable, 5-10 µm.
- Function: Contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular activities.
- Components: Nuclear envelope, chromatin, nucleolus, nucleoplasm/nuclear matrix.
- Nuclear envelope: Two parallel membranes separated by a perinuclear cisterna (40-70 nm).
- Chromatin: Composed primarily of coiled DNA strands bound to basic proteins (histones). Euchromatin is more active than heterochromatin, where heterochromatin represents a more inactive metabolic state, while euchromatin is involved in RNA synthesis.
- Nucleolus: Involved in ribosome synthesis; Size is related to synthetic activity of the cell.
Nuclear Matrix
- Fills the space between chromatin and nucleoli.
- Composed mainly of proteins, metabolites, ions, and fibrous lamina.
Cell Inclusions
- Small non-living compartments; don't participate actively in cell metabolism.
- Usually cytoplasmic and include various substances like fats, glycogen, pigments, and crystals.
- May represent stored food or by-products, not vital for immediate life processes but can be built up in vacuoles.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on cell structures, their functions, and components with this quiz. Explore topics like ribosomes, microfilaments, and the cytoplasm’s properties. Perfect for students studying cell biology and related fields.