40 Questions
What type of variable is intentionally changed in a scientific experiment?
Independent variable
What is the elemental composition of carbohydrates?
CHO
What is the role of enzymes in chemical reactions?
They speed up chemical reactions by reducing the energy required to start a reaction.
What determines the function of a protein?
Its shape
What are the four levels of protein folding?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures
What can cause denaturation of a protein?
Changes in pH level or temperature
What is the function of the digestive system?
To break down nutrients into absorbable forms
What are the four main types of organic macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
What is the function of salivary glands in the digestive process?
To release enzymes that start digesting carbohydrates.
What is the primary function of the small intestine in digestion?
Majority of digestion takes place here.
What is the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?
Dehydration synthesis: larger molecules form from smaller molecules and lose water. Hydrolysis: break down larger molecules to smaller molecules with addition of water.
What are the three parts of the Cell Theory?
a. All organisms are made of one or more cells. b. A cell is the basic and smallest unit of life. c. All cells come from preexisting cells.
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?
Not specified in the content, but generally, it is involved in protein modification and transport.
How do you focus a microscope?
Adjust the coarse adjustment knob then the fine adjustment knob.
Why are cells typically small?
To have a larger surface area per volume.
What is an example of osmosis in living things?
Not specified in the content, but examples could be plant cells absorbing water from the soil or red blood cells maintaining their shape.
Who is known as the father of modern genetics?
Gregor Mendel
What is the main function of a Punnett Square?
To predict genotypes
What determines the sex of an offspring?
Chromosomes
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
Genotype refers to the specific alleles an organism has for a trait, while phenotype is the physical expression of those alleles
What is the structure of a DNA molecule?
A double helix
What are the four nitrogenous bases of DNA?
A, T, C, and G
What is Darwin's theory of evolution?
All animals came from a common ancestor
What is an example of a vestigial structure?
Hind limbs on whales and snakes
What is the primary function of the phospholipid bilayer?
Allowing only some material to pass through the membrane
What is the main difference between phagocytosis and pinocytosis?
Phagocytosis involves the engulfment of solid particles, while pinocytosis involves the engulfment of liquid particles
What type of protein facilitates the movement of water across the cell membrane?
Aquaporins
What is the purpose of cellular respiration?
To break down glucose to produce ATP
What is the function of ATP?
Energy
Which organelle do eukaryotes use for cellular respiration?
Mitochondria
What is the end goal of photosynthesis?
To produce energy storage
What is the difference between the purposes and results of Mitosis and Meiosis?
Mitosis: result- diploid daughter cells; purpose- growth and replace worn out cells. Meiosis: result- 4 haploid daughter cells; purpose- create gametes
What is coevolution, and how does it relate to divergent and convergent evolution?
Coevolution is the process of reciprocal evolutionary change between two or more species. It leads to divergent evolution, where species become more distinct, and convergent evolution, where species develop similar traits in response to similar environmental pressures.
What is the Biological Species Concept, and what is its significance?
The Biological Species Concept states that a species is a group of interbreeding organisms that can produce fertile offspring. This concept is significant as it defines a species and enables the classification of organisms.
What is ecology, and what does it study?
Ecology is the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment. It examines the relationships between living organisms and their physical environment.
What is a niche, and what role does it play in an ecosystem?
A niche refers to the way of life or role a species plays in its environment. It determines the species' resource requirements, habitat needs, and interactions with other species.
Differentiate between mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism, and provide an example of each.
Mutualism: both species benefit; commensalism: one species benefits, the other is unaffected; parasitism: one species benefits, the other is harmed. Examples: mutualism - clownfish and sea anemone; commensalism - remora fish and shark; parasitism - tapeworm and host.
What is a trophic level, and how is an organism's placement determined?
A trophic level is a position in a food chain or web, determined by what an organism eats. An organism's placement is determined by its diet and energy source.
Distinguish between autotrophs and heterotrophs, and provide examples of each.
Autotrophs produce their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, while heterotrophs obtain energy by consuming other organisms. Examples: autotrophs - plants, algae; heterotrophs - animals, fungi.
How does energy transfer occur through trophic levels, and what is the maximum number of trophic levels possible?
Energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next through consumption, with some energy lost at each level. The maximum number of trophic levels is typically five, due to energy loss at each level.
Study Notes
Cell Structure and Function
- The cell membrane is semi-permeable, allowing only certain materials to pass through
- Phagocytosis: solid material is ingested by the cell; Pinocytosis: liquid material is ingested by the cell
- Aquaporins are proteins that move water across the membrane
Cellular Energy
- All organisms perform cellular respiration, which breaks down glucose to produce ATP (energy)
- Mitochondria is the organelle used for cellular respiration
- Photosynthesis: reactants - CO2, sunlight; products - O2, sugar; purpose - create energy with sunlight
- Cellular Respiration: reactants - O2, sugar; products - CO2, water; purpose - break down glucose to produce ATP
Cellular Reproduction
- Cell cycle: G1, S, G2, M, Cytokinesis
- DNA replication occurs during interphase
- Mitosis: result - diploid daughter cells; purpose - growth and replace worn out cells
- Meiosis: result - 4 daughter cells; purpose - create gametes
- Cancer: result of uncontrolled cell division
- Karyotype: a theory that is well-proved through evidence, observation, and experimentation
Biochemistry/Digestion
- 4 organic macromolecules:
- Carbohydrates: CHO; monosaccharides; short-term energy and energy storage
- Lipids: CHO; triglycerides; long-term energy storage
- Proteins: CHON; amino acid; enzyme, structure, hormone, immunity, transport
- Nucleic Acids: CHONP; nucleotide; DNA, RNA, ATP
- Enzymes: catalysts that speed up chemical reactions; end with "ase"
- Protein structure:
- Primary structure: sequence of amino acids
- Secondary structure: coils and folds in 1 chain
- Tertiary structure: 3D shape due to r-group bonding
- Quaternary structure: multiple polypeptide chains
- Denaturation: change in protein shape due to pH level or temperature
Membranes & Transport
- Cells are small due to larger surface area per volume
- Passive transport: no energy required; examples: osmosis, diffusion
- Active transport: energy required; examples: pumps, transport proteins
- Osmosis: water traveling through a semi-permeable membrane
Genetic
- Cell Theory:
- All organisms are made of one or more cells
- A cell is the basic and smallest unit of life
- All cells come from preexisting cells
- Gregor Mendel: father of modern genetics
- Genes: information passed from generations to generations in cells
- Alleles: options for genes
- Punnett Square: diagram used to predict genotypes
- Genotype: specific alleles an organism has for a trait
- Phenotype: physical expression of a trait
- Sex of an offspring is determined by chromosomes
- Pedigree: chart of genetic history of a family over several generations
Molecular Genetics (DNA/RNA/Protein Synthesis)
- DNA structure: double helix; carries genetic instruction
- Nitrogenous bases: A, C, G, T (U in RNA)
- Base-pairing rules: A-T, C-G
- DNA to RNA to Protein Synthesis:
- Transcription: DNA -> mRNA
- Translation: mRNA -> amino acid
- Mutations in DNA can lead to disease or not
Evolution
- Darwin's Theory of Evolution: all animals came from a common ancestor
- Evidence of Evolution:
- Similarity and common ancestors
- Analogous and homologous structures
- Vestigial structures
- Coevolution: reciprocal evolutionary changes in interacting species
- Divergent evolution: different species evolve from a common ancestor
- Convergent evolution: similar traits evolve in different species
- Biological Species Concept: any organism that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
Ecology
- Ecology: study of interaction between organisms and their environment
- Greenhouse effect: process by which global warming occurs
- Biotic factors: living components of an ecosystem
- Abiotic factors: non-living components of an ecosystem
- Ecosystem: community of species in a given area and their interactions
- Trophic level: level of consumption in a food web
- Autotrophs: make their own food
- Heterotrophs: eat other organisms
- Herbivore: eat plants
- Carnivore: eat animals
- Omnivore: eat both plants and animals
- Detritivores: break down dead organic matter
This quiz covers basic concepts in cell biology, including cellular transport, membrane function, and cellular energy. Questions cover topics such as phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and the role of aquaporins.
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