Cell Biology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the number of cells in a human body?

  • 100 billion
  • 10 trillion
  • 1 quadrillion
  • 100 trillion (correct)

    • What is the average size of a cell?

  • 0.02 cm
  • 0.2 cm
  • 0.002 cm (correct)
  • 2 cm

    • What is protoplasm responsible for in cells?

  • Building materials for all living things
  • Reception and processing of food and oxygen
  • Elimination of waste products
  • All of the above (correct)

    • Which of the following elements are the primary elements in biomolecules?

    <p>Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the essential major organic compounds in cells?

    <p>Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Cells are the building blocks of all living things.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: There are about 200 different cell types in mammals.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Protoplasm is responsible for the complex process of metabolism in cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Water is an inorganic compound found in cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Lipids are the most important elementary building block of a cell.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Nucleic acids are organic compounds found in cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The average size of a cell is about 0.002 cm.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Proteins are made up of amino acids NH2 (amin) and COOH (carboxylic acid).

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Structural proteins provide the body with its shape and form, and are a source of heat and energy.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Enzymatic proteins function as organic catalysts, affecting the rate of chemical reactions without being altered themselves.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Repair enzymes help the cell recover from radiation-induced damage.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Carbohydrates are chains of sugar molecules that primarily function as long-term energy storage.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Lipids are also known as fatty acids.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Nucleic acids are large complex macromolecules made from nucleotides.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Mitosis is the division of somatic cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Daughter cells produced in mitosis have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: DNA molecules are in an extended, uncondensed form called chromatin when the cell is not dividing.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: DNA can only replicate and transcribe when it is in the extended state.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: DNA molecules condense to form chromosomes during cell division.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Spindle fibers are specialized microtubules that capture chromosomes during mitosis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Sister chromatids separate during anaphase of mitosis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Meiosis results in the production of four unique daughter cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Lysosomes are vesicles filled with digestive enzymes used for intracellular digestion.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The Golgi apparatus packages proteins in vesicles so that they may be excreted from the cell or used within the cell.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Mitochondria have their own DNA and ribosomes that are similar in construction to prokaryotic ribosomes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Ribosomes are protein synthetic machinery made up of two subunits, each made of protein and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Centrosomes contain centrioles, which are involved in the production of microtubules and help in cell division.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Mitosis is the division of germ cells and results in two genetically identical daughter cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Meiosis involves two fissions of the nucleus and gives rise to four sex cells, each possessing half the number of chromosomes of the original germ cell.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Water is the most important inorganic compound found in cells?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Nucleic acids are organic compounds found in cells?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Mitosis is the division of somatic cells?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Lysosomes are vesicles filled with digestive enzymes used for intracellular digestion?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Sister chromatids separate during anaphase of mitosis?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Repair enzymes help the cell recover from radiation-induced damage?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Daughter cells produced in mitosis have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Amino acids are natural monomers that form polymers when linked by peptide bonds.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Enzymatic proteins function as organic catalysts, affecting the rate of chemical reactions without being altered themselves.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Repair enzymes help the cell recover from a small amount of radiation-induced damage.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Carbohydrates are chains of sugar molecules that primarily function as short-term energy sources.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Nucleic acids are large complex macromolecules made from nucleotides.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: DNA molecules are tightly coiled to produce chromosomes, and every chromosome has a single DNA molecule.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: RNA acts as a messenger conveying instructions from DNA for controlling protein synthesis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The Golgi apparatus is functionally associated with the endoplasmic reticulum.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The Golgi apparatus packages proteins in vesicles for excretion from the cell.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Mitochondria have their own DNA and ribosomes that are similar in construction to prokaryotic ribosomes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Lysosomes are involved in intracellular digestion and can recycle cellular components.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis in the cell and can be found both free-floating in the cytoplasm and attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Centrosomes contain centrioles, which are involved in cell division and the production of microtubules.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Mitosis is the division of somatic cells and results in two genetically identical daughter cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Mitosis is the division of somatic cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Daughter cells produced in mitosis have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Meiosis results in the production of four unique daughter cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Meiosis involves two fissions of the nucleus and gives rise to four sex cells, each possessing half the number of chromosomes of the original germ cell.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: DNA molecules are in an extended, uncondensed form called chromatin when the cell is not dividing.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: DNA molecules condense to form chromosomes during cell division.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Sister chromatids separate during anaphase of mitosis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The Golgi apparatus packages proteins in vesicles so that they may be excreted from the cell or used within the cell.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Enzymatic proteins function as organic catalysts, affecting the rate of chemical reactions without being altered themselves.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Cells are the building blocks of all living things.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Protoplasm is responsible for the complex process of metabolism in cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Water is the most important inorganic compound in cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Proteins are the most important elementary building block of a cell.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Carbohydrates primarily function as short-term energy sources in cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Nucleic acids are organic compounds found in cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Mitosis is the division of somatic cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Proteins are made up of amino acids NH2 (amin) and COOH (carboxylic acid).

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Structural proteins provide the body with its shape and form, and are a source of heat and energy.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Repair enzymes help the cell recover from a small amount of radiation-induced damage.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Lipids are the most important elementary building block of a cell.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: RNA acts as a messenger conveying instructions from DNA for controlling protein synthesis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Enzymatic proteins function as organic catalysts, affecting the rate of chemical reactions without being altered themselves.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Nucleic acids are large complex macromolecules made from nucleotides.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The Golgi apparatus is functionally associated with the endoplasmic reticulum and packages proteins in vesicles for excretion from the cell or for use within the cell?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Lysosomes are vesicles filled with digestive enzymes used for intracellular digestion?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Mitochondria are the cellular powerhouses and are the site of much of the energy harvest by cells?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis in the cell and can be found both free-floating in the cytoplasm and attached to the endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Centrosomes contain centrioles, which are involved in cell division and the production of microtubules?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Daughter cells produced in mitosis have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: DNA molecules condense to form chromosomes during cell division?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Mitosis is the division of somatic cells and results in two genetically identical daughter cells?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Meiosis involves two fissions of the nucleus and gives rise to four sex cells, each possessing half the number of chromosomes of the original germ cell?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: In mitosis, chromosomes align along the equator of the cell during metaphase?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: During anaphase of mitosis, sister chromatids separate and are pulled towards opposite poles of the cell?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Meiosis results in the production of four unique daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original germ cell?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: In meiosis, there are two divisions of the nucleus: meiosis I and meiosis II?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Meiosis is the process by which somatic cells divide and produce two identical daughter cells?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Mitosis results in the production of four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Meiosis is a type of cell division that occurs in germ cells and results in the production of haploid daughter cells?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Basics

    • A person contains approximately 100 trillion cells (1 x 10^14 cells)
    • There are about 200 different cell types in mammals
    • Cells are tiny, measuring about 0.002 cm (20 um) across
    • Cells are the building blocks of living things

    Cell Chemical Composition

    • Cells are made of protoplasm
      • Responsible for metabolism, reception and processing of food and oxygen, and elimination of waste products
      • Composed of organic compounds (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen) and inorganic materials (no carbon)
    • 24 elements form biomolecules, including 4 primary elements:
      • Carbon
      • Hydrogen
      • Oxygen
      • Nitrogen
    • When combined with phosphorus and sulfur, these elements form essential organic compounds:
      • Proteins
      • Carbohydrates
      • Lipids
      • Nucleic acids

    Important Compounds

    • Water: most abundant inorganic compound in cells
      • Solvent for acids, bases, and salts
      • Transports substances in and out of cells
      • Maintains body temperature
      • Cushions vital organs
      • Lubricates digestive system and joints
    • Organic compounds:
      • Proteins: contain carbon, most important elementary building block of cells (15% of cell content)
      • Carbohydrates: simple sugars, provide short-term energy
      • Lipids: fatty acids, provide energy and structure
      • Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA, carry genetic information

    Proteins

    • Types of proteins:
      • Structural proteins: provide shape and form, source of heat and energy
      • Enzymatic proteins: catalyze chemical reactions
      • Repair enzymes: mend damaged molecules
    • Functions of proteins:
      • Hormones
      • Antibodies

    Nucleic Acids

    • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid):
      • Long, tightly coiled into chromosomes
      • 23 pairs of chromosomes in human cells
      • Carries genetic information
    • RNA (ribonucleic acid):
      • Single-stranded structure
      • Messenger RNA (mRNA) conveys instructions from DNA
      • Transfer RNA (tRNA) carries amino acids to ribosomes
      • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) produces ribosomes
    • Differences between DNA and RNA:
      • DNA is double-stranded, RNA is single-stranded
      • DNA contains deoxyribose, RNA contains ribose
      • DNA has thymine, RNA has uracil

    Cellular Structure

    • Cell membrane:
      • Made of lipid and proteins
      • Controls passage of water and materials into and out of cell
    • Nucleus:
      • Surrounded by nuclear envelope
      • Nuclear membrane has pores for entry and exit of materials
      • Controls cellular activities
    • Cytoplasm:
      • Protoplasm outside the nucleus
      • Functions: accepts and builds new substances, breaks down organic materials, packages substances for distribution
    • Cytoplasmic organelles:
      • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): web-like structure for circulation, transport, and synthesis
      • Golgi apparatus: packages proteins and lipids for transport
      • Mitochondria: site of energy production
      • Lysosomes: digest cellular waste and foreign substances
      • Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
      • Centrosomes: involved in cell division

    Cell Division

    • Mitosis: somatic cell division, produces two identical daughter cells
      • Interphase: cell growth and preparation
      • Prophase: chromatin condenses, chromosomes form
      • Metaphase: chromosomes align at cell equator
      • Anaphase: sister chromatids separate
      • Telophase: nuclear envelope reforms
      • Cytokinesis: cytoplasm divides
    • Meiosis: germ cell division, produces four unique daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell

    Genetics

    • Ploidy: number of sets of chromosomes in a cell
      • Haploid (n): one set of chromosomes
      • Diploid (2n): two sets of chromosomes
    • Gametes (sperm or egg cells): haploid, contain 23 chromosomes
    • Fertilization: fusion of gametes to form a diploid zygote (2n = 46)### Cell Structure and Function
    • A cell is made up of protoplasm, which is responsible for metabolic processes, receiving and processing food and oxygen, and eliminating waste products.
    • Protoplasm is composed of organic and inorganic compounds, with 4 primary elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
    • Organic compounds that make up the cell include:
      • Proteins: contain the most carbon, are the building blocks of the cell, and provide shape and structure.
      • Carbohydrates: provide short-term energy.
      • Lipids: provide energy and insulation.
      • Nucleic acids: store and replicate genetic information.

    Cell Membrane

    • The cell membrane is a lipid and protein bilayer that controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell.
    • It acts as a barrier to protect the cell's contents and regulates the flow of materials.

    Nucleus

    • The nucleus is the cell's control center, surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope.
    • Chromosomes are seen as threadlike structures when not condensed, but coil into visible structures during cell division.
    • DNA is coiled around histone proteins to form chromatin.

    Cytoplasm

    • Cytoplasm is the protoplasm outside the nucleus, responsible for:
      • Accepting and building up unrefined materials.
      • Breaking down organic materials to produce energy.
      • Packaging substances for distribution.
      • Eliminating waste products.

    Cytoplasmic Organelles

    • Organelles are miniature cellular components that enable the cell to function in a highly organized manner.
    • Types of organelles include:
      • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): involved in protein synthesis, transport, and storage.
      • Golgi apparatus: packages proteins in vesicles for excretion or use within the cell.
      • Mitochondria: site of energy harvesting, with its own DNA and ribosomes.
      • Lysosomes: vesicles filled with digestive enzymes for intracellular digestion.
      • Ribosomes: protein synthetic machinery.
      • Centrosomes: involved in cell division and microtubule production.

    Cell Division

    • Mitosis: division of somatic cells into two genetically identical daughter cells.

    • Meiosis: division of germ cells into four sex cells, each with half the number of chromosomes of the original cell.

    • Mitosis consists of 4 sub-phases:

      1. Prophase: chromatin condenses, chromosomes condense, and centrioles move apart.
      2. Metaphase: chromosomes align along the equator of the cell.
      3. Anaphase: sister chromatids separate, and spindle fibers pull chromatids towards the poles.
      4. Telophase: nuclear envelopes form around both groups of chromosomes, and chromosomes revert to their extended state.

    • Cytokinesis: the process of dividing the cell into two daughter cells.### Mitosis and Meiosis

    • Spindle fibers form from centrioles, capturing chromosomes and aligning them along the equator of the cell during metaphase.

    • In anaphase, sister chromatids separate, and spindle fibers shorten and pull chromatids towards the poles, while free spindle fibers lengthen and push the poles apart.

    • During telophase, spindle fibers disintegrate, nuclear envelopes form, and chromosomes revert to their extended state, followed by cytokinesis.

    Meiosis

    • Meiosis is a type of germ or sexual cell division that produces four unique daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
    • Daughter cells are haploid, with one copy of each chromosome, designated as "n".
    • Meiosis occurs in two divisions: meiosis I and meiosis II.

    Ploidy and Genetics Terminology

    • Ploidy refers to the number of sets of chromosomes in cells.
    • Haploid cells have one set of chromosomes (n), while diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes (2n).
    • In humans, gametes (sperm/ova) are haploid, with 23 chromosomes, while somatic cells are diploid, with 46 chromosomes.

    Sexual Reproduction in Humans

    • Fertilization results in a diploid zygote with 46 chromosomes, receiving 23 chromosomes from each parent.
    • The combination of gametes from two parents with different genetic makeup results in unique offspring.

    Meiosis vs. Mitosis

    • Mitosis produces two diploid daughter cells with the same genetic information as the parent cell.
    • Meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells with unique genetic information, different from the parent cell and each other.

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