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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a component of the prokaryotic cell envelope?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the prokaryotic cell envelope?
- glycocalyx
- plasma membrane
- nuclear membrane (correct)
- cell wall
What is the primary function of the nucleoid in a prokaryotic cell?
What is the primary function of the nucleoid in a prokaryotic cell?
- Storage of genetic material (correct)
- Energy production
- Waste removal
- Protein synthesis
Which of the following best describes the role of ribosomes in a cell?
Which of the following best describes the role of ribosomes in a cell?
- Producing energy
- Transporting materials
- Synthesizing proteins (correct)
- Storing genetic information
What is the main advantage of a small cell size in relation to its surface-area-to-volume ratio?
What is the main advantage of a small cell size in relation to its surface-area-to-volume ratio?
Which of the following organelles utilizes solar energy for its primary function?
Which of the following organelles utilizes solar energy for its primary function?
What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?
What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?
What is the primary role of the cell wall in eukaryotic cells?
What is the primary role of the cell wall in eukaryotic cells?
What is the difference between rough ER and smooth ER?
What is the difference between rough ER and smooth ER?
In which cellular structure is ribosomal RNA produced?
In which cellular structure is ribosomal RNA produced?
What is the function of the nuclear envelope?
What is the function of the nuclear envelope?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the endomembrane system?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the endomembrane system?
What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
What is the main role of lysosomes within a cell?
What is the main role of lysosomes within a cell?
What is the primary function of the cytoskeleton?
What is the primary function of the cytoskeleton?
Which of the following types of cytoskeletal filaments is involved in muscle contraction?
Which of the following types of cytoskeletal filaments is involved in muscle contraction?
Which of the following is a key difference between peroxisomes and lysosomes?
Which of the following is a key difference between peroxisomes and lysosomes?
Flashcards
Cell Theory
Cell Theory
States all organisms are made of cells and cells come from existing cells.
Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic Cells
Cells without a membrane-bound nucleus, found in Archaea and Eubacteria.
Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
Complex cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Cell Envelope
Cell Envelope
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Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
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Nucleoid
Nucleoid
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Ribosomes
Ribosomes
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Organelles
Organelles
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Endomembrane System
Endomembrane System
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
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Golgi Apparatus
Golgi Apparatus
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Lysosomes
Lysosomes
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Peroxisomes
Peroxisomes
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Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton
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Study Notes
Cellular Level of Organization
- Cells are the basic unit of life, differentiating living from non-living.
- Classified as prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
- Cell Theory: All organisms are made of cells, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.
Cell Sizes
- Smaller cells have a higher surface-area-to-volume ratio, aiding in nutrient and waste exchange.
Prokaryotic Cells
- Lack a membrane-bound nucleus.
- Found in domains Archaea and Eubacteria.
- Cell envelope: plasma membrane, cell wall, and sometimes a glycocalyx.
- Cytoplasm: semifluid substance with dissolved molecules and DNA in a nucleoid region.
- Surface features: capsule (optional), flagella for movement, and fimbriae for attachment.
Eukaryotic Cells
- Possess a membrane-bound nucleus.
- Structurally complex.
- Cell walls provide protection and support to most eukaryotic cells.
- Organelles are specialized structures performing specific functions.
Organelles
- Nucleus: Stores DNA, controls cell activity, containing chromatin and a nucleolus producing rRNA.
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): A network of membranes; rough ER has ribosomes for protein synthesis and smooth ER synthesizes lipids.
- Golgi apparatus: Processes, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport.
- Lysosomes: Contain enzymes for digesting cellular waste.
- Vacuoles: Membrane-bound sacs, involved in storage and transport.
- Peroxisomes: Enzymes involved in fatty acid breakdown.
- Mitochondria: Powerhouses of the cell (cellular respiration).
- Chloroplasts (plants, algae): Convert solar energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis).
Cytoskeleton
- Provides structural support and facilitates movement within the cell.
- Composed of actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
Other Cellular Structures
- Centrioles: Involved in cell division.
- Cilia and flagella: Movement.
Eukaryotic Cell Origin
- Endosymbiotic theory: Eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells engulfing others, forming organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts.
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