Cell Biology: Plant vs. Animal Cells
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Questions and Answers

What is a distinguishing feature of plant cells that is not found in animal cells?

  • Cilia
  • Centrioles
  • Lysosome
  • Chloroplast (correct)

Which organelle is primarily involved in the synthesis of proteins?

  • Lysosomes
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes (correct)

What type of microscopy is used to obtain clear images of the internal structures of organelles?

  • Phase-contrast microscopy
  • Optical microscopy
  • Transmission electron microscopy (correct)
  • Scanning electron microscopy

Which statement accurately describes the process of cell fractionation?

<p>It separates cell structures by their relative density. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does a large sap vacuole in plant cells contribute to their function?

<p>It maintains turgor pressure within the cell. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components are found in both plant and animal cells?

<p>Plasma membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best explains the role of radioactive labeled amino acids in cellular studies?

<p>They are used to track the pathway of protein synthesis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is true for animal cells but not for plant cells?

<p>Centrioles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?

<p>Chemical modification and packaging of proteins and lipids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mitochondria in cells?

<p>Aerobic respiration and ATP production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs in the Golgi apparatus to create glycoproteins?

<p>Glycosylation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature distinguishes centrioles?

<p>They have 9 groups of microtubules in triplets (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes lysosomes?

<p>They contain hydrolytic enzymes for digestion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the nuclear envelope?

<p>To control exchanges between the nucleus and cytoplasm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are lysosomes synthesized and transported within a cell?

<p>Synthesized on the rough endoplasmic reticulum and processed by the Golgi apparatus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the number of mitochondria in a cell vary?

<p>It varies according to the cell's activity and energy demand (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural adaptation of mitochondria aids in ATP production?

<p>Presence of cristae in the inner membrane. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the endosymbiont theory primarily about?

<p>The origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the 70S ribosomes found in mitochondria?

<p>They allow mitochondria to synthesize their own proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the appearance of the Golgi apparatus?

<p>A stack of flattened membrane-bound sacs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the function of lysosomes is false?

<p>They can perform photosynthesis in some cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do centrioles play during nuclear division?

<p>They organize the microtubules for spindle formation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the nucleus?

<p>It contains primarily nucleic acids and proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the intermembrane space in mitochondria?

<p>It plays a role in energy transduction during respiration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of ribosomes that are free in the cytoplasm?

<p>Synthesis of proteins used inside the cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do rough ER and smooth ER differ in structure?

<p>Rough ER has flattened sacs while smooth ER has tubular structures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organelles is involved in the synthesis of lipids?

<p>Smooth ER (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ribosome is found in prokaryotic cells?

<p>70S ribosome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the lysosomes?

<p>They contain hydrolytic enzymes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the Golgi apparatus?

<p>It packages and modifies proteins from the rough ER (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are ribosomes produced in a eukaryotic cell?

<p>Nucleolus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

<p>Synthesis and initial modification of proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

A type of microscopy that provides detailed images of intact organelles, ideal for measuring external dimensions and structures.

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

A type of microscopy that provides clear images of sections of the internal structures of organelles.

Cell Fractionation

The process of separating cell structures based on their density using a centrifuge.

Radioactive Labeling

Using radioactive isotopes to track the movement and function of specific molecules within a cell.

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Mitochondria

A membrane-bound organelle involved in the production of energy through cellular respiration.

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Chloroplast

A membrane-bound organelle responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells.

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Golgi Apparatus

A membrane-bound organelle that acts as a packaging and transport system for proteins and lipids.

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Lysosome

A membrane-bound organelle involved in the breakdown of waste materials and cellular debris.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A network of interconnected membranes that forms flattened sacs called cisternae, extending from the nuclear envelope. It plays a vital role in protein synthesis, modification, and transport.

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Rough ER

Type of ER studded with ribosomes, responsible for protein synthesis, folding, and packaging for transport to the Golgi apparatus.

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Smooth ER

Type of ER lacking ribosomes, involved in lipid and steroid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage.

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Ribosomes

Small, non-membrane bound organelles responsible for protein synthesis. They read mRNA to create protein chains.

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Vacuole

A single membrane-bound organelle involved in storing water, nutrients, and waste products, particularly prominent in plant cells.

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What is the Golgi apparatus?

A stack of flattened membrane-bound sacs called cisternae, involved in modifying, packaging, and transporting proteins and lipids.

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What is the role of the Golgi apparatus in protein modification?

The Golgi apparatus receives proteins and lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and modifies them by adding carbohydrates or other chemical groups.

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How does the Golgi apparatus package proteins and lipids?

The Golgi apparatus packages modified proteins and lipids into vesicles, which are small membrane-bound sacs that transport them to other parts of the cell or out of the cell.

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What are lysosomes?

Lysosomes are small, spherical organelles surrounded by a single membrane that contain digestive enzymes called hydrolases.

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What is the function of lysosomes?

Lysosomes break down worn-out organelles, cellular debris, and engulfed pathogens (like bacteria and viruses).

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What are mitochondria?

Mitochondria are double-membrane bound organelles that are the powerhouses of the cell.

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What is the function of the cristae in mitochondria?

The inner membrane of mitochondria is folded into cristae, which increase the surface area for ATP production.

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What is the role of mitochondria in cellular respiration?

Mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration, which converts glucose into ATP, the energy currency of the cell.

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What is the main function of mitochondria?

Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell, responsible for aerobic respiration and ATP production. They have their own circular DNA and 70S ribosomes, supporting the endosymbiont theory.

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Why do some cells have more mitochondria than others?

Mitochondria are found in varying numbers depending on the cell's energy requirements. For example, liver cells have a high number of mitochondria due to their high metabolic activity.

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What are some uses for ATP produced by mitochondria?

Mitochondrial ATP is utilized for various cell functions, including the synthesis of essential molecules, vesicle movement, and active transport.

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What are centrioles and what is their function?

Centrioles are non-membranous organelles composed of microtubule triplets. They play a crucial role in cell division by organizing microtubules to form spindle fibers.

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What is a centrosome and where is it located?

The centrosome is a region near the nucleus in animal cells that contains a pair of centrioles positioned at right angles to each other.

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Describe the structure and function of the nucleus.

The nucleus is the control center of the cell, containing DNA and RNA. It is enclosed by a double membrane, the nuclear envelope, which has pores for regulating molecule exchange.

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What is the relationship between the nuclear envelope and the endoplasmic reticulum?

The outer membrane of the nuclear envelope is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and has 80S ribosomes attached, showing a clear link between these organelles.

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What is the endosymbiont theory?

The endosymbiont theory proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from symbiotic eubacteria engulfed by eukaryotic cells, supported by their unique characteristics like 70S ribosomes and circular DNA.

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Study Notes

Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell

  • Plant cells are larger (up to 40 µm) and have a regular shape, while animal cells are smaller (20 µm) and irregular.
  • Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts (with starch grains), and large central vacuoles. Animal cells have centrioles, lysosomes, and glycogen granules/cilia.
  • Plant cells do not have centrioles; animal cells do.

Electron Microscopy

  • Different types of electron microscopy provide varying information.
  • Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows the outer dimensions of intact organelles.
  • Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) shows sections of internal structures of organelles.
  • Combining both methods creates a detailed image of cell ultrastructure.

Cell Fractionation

  • Centrifugation, where faster rotation separates smaller particles by density.
  • Larger structures sink further down the tube in a centrifuge.
  • Radioactive-labelled substances help track specific cell components.

Cell Organelles (Membranous)

  • Organelles are grouped into membranous and non-membranous.
  • Membranous organelles have membranes separating their contents from the cytoplasm.
  • Examples include: large vacuoles, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and secretory vesicles.

Cell Organelles (Non-Membranous)

  • Organelles without membranes include ribosomes, starch grains, glycogen granules, cilia, centrosomes, and flagella.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

  • The ER is an interconnected membrane system.
  • Rough ER has ribosomes attached, involved in protein synthesis and modification. Proteins are folded and transported.
  • Smooth ER synthesizes lipids, including cholesterol and steroid hormones, and other lipids like fatty acids.

Ribosomes

  • Ribosomes are non-membranous organelles in all cells.
  • Ribosomes for protein synthesis are either free in the cytoplasm (for intracellular use) or bound to the rough ER (for secretion).
  • Ribosomes are two subunits (large and small).
  • There are two types:
    • 70S type: Found in prokaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.
    • 80S type: Found in eukaryotes, free in the cytoplasm,or bound to the rough ER

Golgi Apparatus

  • The Golgi apparatus modifies proteins and lipids, packages them into vesicles, and transports them to other parts of the cell or outside.
  • Glycoproteins and glycolipids are formed during modification in the Golgi apparatus.

Lysosomes

  • Lysosomes are spherical vesicles containing digestive enzymes.
  • They break down excess or worn-out cellular components, food particles, and engulfed pathogens.
  • Enzymes are synthesised in the rough ER, processed in the Golgi apparatus, and packaged into lysosomes.

Mitochondria

  • Mitochondria are double-membrane-bound organelles.
  • They have an outer membrane and an inner membrane folded into cristae.
  • They are the site of aerobic respiration, producing ATP for cellular energy.
  • Mitochondria are smaller and have circular DNA, ribosomes, and protein synthesis.

Centrosomes and Centrioles

  • Centrosomes are an area near the nucleus containing two centrioles arranged at right angles.
  • Centrioles organize microtubules during cell division and are only found in animal cells.

Nucleus

  • The nucleus is a double membrane bound organelle, typically spherical in shape.
  • The nuclear envelope surrounds the nucleus and regulates the passage of materials.
  • It contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) and the nucleolus, a site for ribosome synthesis.

Endosymbiotic Theory

  • Mitochondria and chloroplasts are believed to have originated from free-living prokaryotic organisms engulfed by eukaryotic cells.
  • Evidence includes their own 70S ribosomes and circular DNA.

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Description

This quiz explores the key differences between plant and animal cells, highlighting their unique structures and functions. It also covers topics such as electron microscopy techniques and cell fractionation methods used in cell biology. Test your knowledge on these fundamental concepts!

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