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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the ribosomes in a cell?
What is the primary function of the ribosomes in a cell?
Which term best describes a cell that contains more than one nucleus?
Which term best describes a cell that contains more than one nucleus?
Which organelle is primarily involved in the modification and packaging of proteins?
Which organelle is primarily involved in the modification and packaging of proteins?
What kind of cellular change occurs during necrosis?
What kind of cellular change occurs during necrosis?
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Which type of cell is described as eccentrically located in relation to its nucleus?
Which type of cell is described as eccentrically located in relation to its nucleus?
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What type of cellular morphology is commonly associated with white blood cells?
What type of cellular morphology is commonly associated with white blood cells?
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How does apoptosis fundamentally differ from necrosis?
How does apoptosis fundamentally differ from necrosis?
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Which organelle is primarily responsible for generating energy in the form of ATP?
Which organelle is primarily responsible for generating energy in the form of ATP?
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What is the primary function of mitochondria in the cell?
What is the primary function of mitochondria in the cell?
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Which structure found within mitochondria increases its surface area for energy production?
Which structure found within mitochondria increases its surface area for energy production?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a cytoplasmic inclusion?
Which of the following is NOT considered a cytoplasmic inclusion?
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Which type of cell is most likely to have a high number of mitochondria due to its metabolic activity?
Which type of cell is most likely to have a high number of mitochondria due to its metabolic activity?
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What type of granules are primarily responsible for storing glucose within cells?
What type of granules are primarily responsible for storing glucose within cells?
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What pigment is responsible for the black coloration of skin and eyes?
What pigment is responsible for the black coloration of skin and eyes?
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Which cytoplasmic inclusion is the end product of lysosomal activity?
Which cytoplasmic inclusion is the end product of lysosomal activity?
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What is a primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER)?
What is a primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER)?
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What are the characteristics of cytoplasmic inclusions?
What are the characteristics of cytoplasmic inclusions?
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Which structure in the cell is responsible for signaling and has receptor sites for specific functions?
Which structure in the cell is responsible for signaling and has receptor sites for specific functions?
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Which of the following organelles is NOT surrounded by a cell membrane?
Which of the following organelles is NOT surrounded by a cell membrane?
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What distinguishes smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER) from rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER)?
What distinguishes smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER) from rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER)?
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Which of the following correctly describes the structure of the cell membrane?
Which of the following correctly describes the structure of the cell membrane?
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What is the function of the transfer vesicles produced by the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER)?
What is the function of the transfer vesicles produced by the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER)?
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Which statement regarding the composition of the cell membrane is incorrect?
Which statement regarding the composition of the cell membrane is incorrect?
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What type of ribosomes appears as aggregates within the cell?
What type of ribosomes appears as aggregates within the cell?
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Study Notes
Lecture Outline - October 24
- Cell: a small compartment, the structural and functional unit of the body, the smallest organized unit of living material capable of independent existence
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Cell Generalities:
- Cell Size: Variable, not easily visible to the naked eye, ranging from 50-100 µm
- Cell Shape: includes squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and rounded, stellate (star-shaped), and polygonal. Cell shape relates to function. Shapes of cells such as macrophages or neurons directly influence their motility or function
- Cell Terminologies: Describe the position of cytoplasmic organelles or inclusion bodies in the cell. Positions such as apex, perinuclear, and basal.
- Cell Measurements: Unit of measurement is the micron (µm) and Armstrongs (Å). RBC diameter is approximately 6 µm. Cell membrane thickness is approximately 80Å
- Cell Reproduction: Examples are ovum and testes, produce ova (female gametes), and undergo mitotic divisions
- Cell Metabolism: catabolism (breakdown of food) and anabolism (uptake of food materials)
- Cell Mitosis: A division process resulting in two identical daughter cells.
- Stages: Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase
- Interphase (G₂): Phase preceding Mitosis with un-condensed chromosomes (no dividing yet)
- Cell Meiosis: A process where a parent cell divides twice into four daughter cells, containing half the original genetic material in each daughter cell..
- Importance of Meiosis for Reproduction - generation of gametes for sexual reproduction; recombination and variation introducing diversity into the genetic makeup
- Includes Meiosis I and II, each with distinct stages
- Cell Apoptosis-Programmed cell death, essential for maintaining normal cell numbers (balancing cell proliferation)
- Cell Necrosis-Pathological cell death due to injury or attack.
Components of Cells & Functions
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Nucleus:
- Latin: nucleus; Greek: karyon
- Usually in the center, sometimes off-center
- Number: mononucleate (one nucleus), binucleate (two nuclei), or multinucleate (many nuclei)
- Shape: typically spherical, but can be lobulated (WBC) or flat in squamous epithelium (cell type found in skin)
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Cytoplasmic Organelles:
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - branching, anastomosing channels. Two types: rough ER (rER) (studded with ribosomes) and smooth ER (sER).
- Ribosomes – RNA materials not enclosed within membranes
- Golgi complex (or Golgi apparatus): Stacked flattened vesicles, important to proteins/carbohydrate complex
- Mitochondria: Bounded by two membranes, with inner membranes containing cristae; crucial for energy production.
- Lysosomes: Membrane-bound granules containing hydrolytic enzymes. Two types: primary (hydrolytic enzymes) secondary (combining with other substances).
- Other Components/Structures to include but not focus on: Cytoplasmic inclusions, Cytoskeletons, Cell Modifications
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Description
This quiz explores the foundational aspects of cell biology, including cell size, shape, terminologies, measurements, reproduction, and metabolism. Understanding these concepts is crucial for grasping how cells function and their roles in the body. Perfect for students studying introductory biology!
