Cell Biology Overview

Kinetic energy is directly proportional to the mass of the object and the square of its velocity, represented by the formula $KE = \frac{1}{2}mv^2$.

Efficiency is calculated using the formula: Efficiency = (useful energy output / total energy input) x 100.

In a series circuit, total resistance is the sum of individual resistances ($R_{total} = R_1 + R_2$), while in a parallel circuit, total resistance is found using the formula ($1/R_{total} = 1/R_1 + 1/R_2$).

<p>Specific heat capacity is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius, calculated using $Q = mcΔT$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nuclear fission is the process where a large nucleus splits into smaller nuclei, releasing energy, while fusion is the process where small nuclei combine to form a larger nucleus, also releasing energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondria are responsible for respiration and energy production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Root hair cells have elongated shapes to increase surface area for absorbing water and minerals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osmosis is the process by which water moves across a semi-permeable membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phagocytes engulf and digest pathogens to help protect the body from infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vaccinations introduce a weakened or inactive form of a pathogen to stimulate antibody production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The four main types of animal tissues are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antigens are molecules on the surface of pathogens that trigger an immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The stages of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aerobic respiration produces a large amount of ATP, while anaerobic respiration produces significantly less ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isotopes have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The high melting point of ionic compounds is due to the strong electrostatic attraction between cations and anions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pH scale measures the acidity or basicity of a solution, indicating the concentration of hydrogen ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During the electrolysis of water, water is split into hydrogen and oxygen gases at the anode and cathode.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An exothermic reaction releases energy, and an example is combustion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delocalised electrons allow metals to conduct electricity and contribute to their malleability and ductility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Contains DNA and controls cell activities.

Organelle responsible for respiration and energy production.

Movement of particles from high to low concentration.

Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane.

Covers surfaces and provides protection.

Microorganisms that cause disease, including bacteria and viruses.

Proteins produced by lymphocytes that bind to antigens.

Protection of a population when a large percentage is immune.

Energy of an object due to its motion, calculated as 1/2mv².

Relationship between current (I), voltage (V), and resistance (R): V = IR.

Amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1°C, expressed as Q = mcΔT.

Measure of how much useful energy is produced from a total energy input, expressed as a percentage.

Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

The chemical equation for photosynthesis is 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.

Key factors affecting photosynthesis include light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, and temperature.

A process requiring oxygen that produces a lot of ATP through glucose breakdown.

A process that does not require oxygen and produces less ATP, resulting in lactic acid formation.

The number of protons in an atom, determining the element's identity.

Compounds formed by ionic bonding, resulting from electrostatic attraction between cations and anions.

The sharing of electrons between atoms to form molecules, which can involve single, double, and triple bonds.

Chemical reactions that release energy, usually as heat; ΔH is negative.