Cell Biology Overview Quiz

Definition: The study of cells, their physiological properties, structure, the organelles they contain, interactions with their environment, and their role in the larger context of organisms.

Prokaryotic Cells:
- Lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- Genetic material is found in a nucleoid.
- Examples: Bacteria and Archaea.
Eukaryotic Cells:
- Contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- More complex than prokaryotic cells.
- Examples: Animal cells, plant cells, fungal cells, and protists.

Nucleus:
- Contains DNA and controls cellular activities.
Mitochondria:
- Powerhouse of the cell, produces ATP through cellular respiration.
Ribosomes:
- Sites of protein synthesis, can be free in the cytoplasm or attached to endoplasmic reticulum.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
- Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes; synthesizes proteins.
- Smooth ER: Involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.
Golgi Apparatus:
- Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.
Lysosomes:
- Contain enzymes for digestion and waste removal.
Chloroplasts (in plant cells):
- Site of photosynthesis; contains chlorophyll.
Cell Membrane:
- A phospholipid bilayer that regulates entry and exit of substances.

Mitosis:
- Process of a somatic cell dividing to produce two identical daughter cells.
- Key phases: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
Meiosis:
- Special type of cell division for the production of gametes (sperm and eggs).
- Results in four genetically diverse daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes.

Cellular Respiration:
- Process of converting glucose into ATP using oxygen (aerobic) or without oxygen (anaerobic).
Photosynthesis (in plants):
- Conversion of light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.
- Occurs in chloroplasts; inputs: carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight; outputs: glucose and oxygen.
Cell Communication:
- Cells communicate through chemical signals, receptors, and signaling pathways.
- Types of signaling: endocrine, paracrine, autocrine.

Passive Transport:
- Movement of molecules across the cell membrane without energy expenditure (e.g., diffusion, osmosis).
Active Transport:
- Movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring energy (e.g., sodium-potassium pump).
Endocytosis/Exocytosis:
- Endocytosis: Process of cellular intake of substances by engulfing them in a vesicle.
- Exocytosis: Process of vesicles fusing with the membrane to release contents outside the cell.

Three Main Principles:
1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit of life.
3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

The study of cells, encompassing their structure, functions, and interactions within organisms.
Divided into two categories: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Nucleus: The control center of the cell containing DNA, directing cellular activities.
Mitochondria: The "powerhouse" of the cell, responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration.
Ribosomes: Essential for protein synthesis, either free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
- Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes, involved in synthesizing proteins.
- Smooth ER: Plays a role in lipid synthesis and detoxification.
Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.
Lysosomes: Contain enzymes critical for digestion and waste removal.
Chloroplasts: Found in plant cells, responsible for photosynthesis, containing chlorophyll.
Cell Membrane: A phospholipid bilayer functioning as a gatekeeper, regulating the entry and exit of substances.

Mitosis: A process of cell division leading to two identical daughter cells, essential for growth and repair.
Meiosis: A specialized type of cell division producing gametes (sperm and eggs), resulting in four genetically diverse daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes.

Cellular Respiration: The conversion of glucose into ATP using oxygen (aerobic) or without oxygen (anaerobic).
Photosynthesis: The process of converting light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose, occurring in chloroplasts, requiring carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
Cell Communication: Cells communicate through chemical signals, receptors, and signaling pathways. Types include endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine signaling.

Passive Transport: Movement of molecules across the cell membrane without energy expenditure, like diffusion and osmosis.
Active Transport: Movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring energy (sodium-potassium pump).
Endocytosis/Exocytosis:
- Endocytosis: Cellular intake of substances by engulfing them in a vesicle.
- Exocytosis: Release of contents outside the cell via vesicles fusing with the membrane.

Three fundamental principles:
- All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
- The cell is the basic unit of life.
- All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

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