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Questions and Answers
Which of the following statements about cells is true?
All living things are composed exclusively of prokaryotic cells.
False
What is the primary function of mitochondria in cells?
To produce energy.
The rigid structure that protects plant cells is called the ______.
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Match the following cell organelles with their functions:
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What process allows cells to remove waste materials?
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Eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic cells.
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List one reason why cells undergo division.
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What is the main reason why cells prefer to remain small instead of becoming larger?
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Cancer is primarily caused by cells that die at a normal rate.
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What term describes the process by which unspecialized stem cells become specialized?
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_____ are shaped to transport oxygen and do not need organelles like a nucleus.
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Which of the following factors can lead to mutations in DNA?
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Apoptosis is the uncontrolled division of cells.
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Match the specialized cells to their primary function:
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Name one virus that is known to cause cancer.
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Study Notes
Cell Theory
- All living things are made up of one or more cells.
- Cells are the simplest unit of life that can carry out all life's processes.
- All cells come from other cells.
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
- Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Example: Bacteria.
- Eukaryotes contain a nucleus and other organelles. Example: Amoeba.
- Eukaryotic cells are 10-100 thousand times larger than prokaryotic cells.
Cell Functions
- Cells use energy.
- Cells store materials.
- Cells take materials from the environment.
- Cells get rid of waste.
- Cells move substances.
- Cells reproduce.
Main Cell Components
- Cytoplasm: Mostly water, where many chemical reactions occur. Contains all organelles.
- Cell Membrane: A flexible double layer surrounding the cell.
- Nucleus: Contains genetic information that controls all cell activities.
- Chromosomes: Contain DNA - coded instructions for all cell activity.
- Mitochondria: Power plants of the cell, responsible for energy production. Active cells like muscle cells have more mitochondria than less active cells like fat storage cells.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum: A network of branching tubes and pockets that extends throughout the cytoplasm, connected to the nuclear membrane and cell membrane. Transports materials like proteins.
- Vacuoles: Responsible for removing unwanted substances, storing materials, and maintaining internal pressure.
- Golgi Bodies: Collect and process materials to be removed from the cell.
- Ribosomes: Build proteins essential for cell growth and reproduction.
- Lysosomes: Contain enzymes capable of breaking down biological polymers.
- Cell Wall (Plants only): Protects cells from injury.
- Chloroplasts (Plants only): Absorb light energy for photosynthesis.
Cellular Respiration
- Cells store energy in the form of glucose.
- Enzymes in mitochondria convert glucose into usable energy (ATP).
- This process requires oxygen.
Cell Division
- Cell division enables organisms to:
- Reproduce.
- Grow.
- Repair damage.
- When cells get too large, chemicals and water cannot move through them efficiently, necessitating more cells instead of larger ones.
Cancer
- Cell division is regulated by proteins that monitor and help the nucleus decide when to divide.
- DNA damage, lack of duplication, disagreements from neighboring cells, or lack of nutrients can cause cells to stop dividing and die.
- Apoptosis is a process of programmed cell death for unwanted or deficient cells.
- Cancer occurs when cells don't die and continue dividing uncontrollably.
- Cancer cells are deformed and can have multiple nuclei and small cytoplasm.
- Cancer can be caused by genetics, chemicals, ultraviolet radiation, viruses, X-rays, and genetics.
- Mutations can occur from chemicals when DNA is not exactly replicated during cell division.
Cell Cycle
- Mutations are errors in DNA replication during daughter cell formation.
- Various factors can cause mutations, including:
- Chemicals - Can cause mutations leading to problems with mitosis.
- Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation - Can mutate DNA and alter the cell mitosis cycle.
- Viruses - Example: HPV virus can cause cervical cancer.
- X-rays - Can radiate cells, causing mutations.
- Genetics - Some people are born with genes that are more likely to mutate or have cancerous properties.
Specialized Cells
- Red Blood Cells: Shaped to transport oxygen molecules efficiently. Lack organelles like a nucleus and mitochondria because they don't undergo mitosis.
- Nerve Cells: Contain most organelles and have dendrites and axons. Dendrites receive information and axons send messages to other nerve cells using electrical pulses.
- Sperm Cells: Contain a lot of mitochondria for high energy requirements.
- Root Cells: Have large vacuoles for water storage.
- Leaf Cells: Contain a lot of chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
- Stem Cells: Specialized for transporting nutrients and water.
Differentiation
- Differentiation is the process of unspecialized stem cells becoming specialized cells.
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Description
This quiz explores fundamental concepts of cell theory, the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and the essential functions and components of cells. Test your knowledge on the building blocks of life and their characteristics.
