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Questions and Answers
Which organelle is primarily responsible for ATP production in the cell?
Which organelle is primarily responsible for ATP production in the cell?
- Lysosome
- Golgi apparatus
- Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- Mitochondrion (correct)
What component of the plasmalemma primarily contributes to its fluidity?
What component of the plasmalemma primarily contributes to its fluidity?
- Proteins
- Phospholipids
- Cholesterol (correct)
- Glycolipids
Which organelle is involved in the modification and packaging of proteins?
Which organelle is involved in the modification and packaging of proteins?
- Peroxisome
- Rough endoplasmic reticulum
- Nucleus
- Golgi apparatus (correct)
What is the main function of lysosomes in a cell?
What is the main function of lysosomes in a cell?
Which structure is primarily involved in providing structural support within the cell?
Which structure is primarily involved in providing structural support within the cell?
What is the structural arrangement of microtubules in a centriole?
What is the structural arrangement of microtubules in a centriole?
How are the centrioles in a centrosome oriented?
How are the centrioles in a centrosome oriented?
What is the correct configuration of microtubules in a cilium?
What is the correct configuration of microtubules in a cilium?
During which phase is the cilium relatively stiff?
During which phase is the cilium relatively stiff?
What distinguishes free ribosomes from fixed ribosomes?
What distinguishes free ribosomes from fixed ribosomes?
Which structure is NOT considered a membranous organelle?
Which structure is NOT considered a membranous organelle?
Which of the following is a function performed by ribosomes?
Which of the following is a function performed by ribosomes?
What type of cell is primarily responsible for transporting oxygen in the bloodstream?
What type of cell is primarily responsible for transporting oxygen in the bloodstream?
Which nonmembranous organelle is involved in cellular movement?
Which nonmembranous organelle is involved in cellular movement?
What is the primary component of the plasmalemma?
What is the primary component of the plasmalemma?
What role do microvilli serve in cells?
What role do microvilli serve in cells?
Sperm and oocyte cells are types of which category of cells?
Sperm and oocyte cells are types of which category of cells?
Which of the following describes lysosomes?
Which of the following describes lysosomes?
What is the primary function of tight junctions in epithelial cells?
What is the primary function of tight junctions in epithelial cells?
Which intercellular connection is characterized by the fusion of the outer layers of two plasmalemmae?
Which intercellular connection is characterized by the fusion of the outer layers of two plasmalemmae?
Which type of junction is primarily responsible for anchoring cells together?
Which type of junction is primarily responsible for anchoring cells together?
Which of the following is NOT a function of tight junctions?
Which of the following is NOT a function of tight junctions?
What type of connection is most similar to a tight junction in terms of its barrier function?
What type of connection is most similar to a tight junction in terms of its barrier function?
What is one of the primary functions of the Golgi apparatus?
What is one of the primary functions of the Golgi apparatus?
Which face of the Golgi apparatus is responsible for receiving vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum?
Which face of the Golgi apparatus is responsible for receiving vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum?
What role do transport vesicles play in the function of the Golgi apparatus?
What role do transport vesicles play in the function of the Golgi apparatus?
Which process occurs at the maturing face of the Golgi apparatus?
Which process occurs at the maturing face of the Golgi apparatus?
Which of the following statements is accurate regarding the relationship between the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum?
Which of the following statements is accurate regarding the relationship between the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum?
What type of vesicle is involved in the renewal of the plasmalemma?
What type of vesicle is involved in the renewal of the plasmalemma?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the Golgi apparatus?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the Golgi apparatus?
How do transfer vesicles function within the Golgi apparatus?
How do transfer vesicles function within the Golgi apparatus?
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Study Notes
The Diversity of Cells
- Cells in the body vary widely in size and function.
- Examples of cells include blood cells, intestinal tract cells, smooth muscle cells, bone cells, neurons, fat cells, oocytes, and sperm cells.
Cell Structure
- The cell consists of cytoplasm and the plasmalemma.
- Cytoplasm is the fluid inside the cell.
- The plasmalemma is the cell membrane.
Organelles
- Organelles are structures within the cytoplasm.
- Organelles can be membranous or nonmembranous.
Nonmembranous Organelles
- Cytoskeleton: Provides structural support and allows for movement.
- Microvilli: Increase surface area for absorption.
- Centrioles: Involved in cell division.
- Cilia: Hair-like projections that move fluids.
- Flagella: Long, whip-like projections that propel cells.
- Ribosomes: Involved in protein synthesis.
Membranous Organelles
- Mitochondria: The "powerhouse" of the cell, responsible for energy production.
- Nucleus: Contains DNA and controls cellular activities.
- Endoplasmic reticulum: A network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
- Golgi apparatus: Packages and modifies proteins and lipids.
- Lysosomes: Contain enzymes that break down waste products.
- Peroxisomes: Detoxify harmful substances.
Plasmalemma
- The plasmalemma is composed of phospholipids, glycolipids, proteins, and cholesterol.
- It regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
Centrioles & Cilia
- Centrioles are involved in cell division and form the base of cilia.
- Cilia are hair-like projections that move fluids. They consist of nine pairs of microtubules surrounding a central pair.
- The movement of cilia has a power stroke and a return stroke.
Ribosomes
- Ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis.
- Free ribosomes float in the cytoplasm.
- Fixed ribosomes are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
Golgi Apparatus
- The Golgi apparatus is involved in the synthesis and packaging of secretions.
- It modifies proteins and packages enzymes.
- It also plays a role in the renewal and modification of the plasmalemma.
Cell Attachments
- Tight junctions: Prevent the diffusion of fluids and solutes between cells.
- Zonula adherens: Anchoring junctions that hold cells together.
- Desmosomes: Strong junctions that hold cells together.
- Communicating junctions: Allow for communication between cells.
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