Cell Biology Overview

Prokaryotic Cells
- Lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- Typically smaller and simpler.
- Examples: Bacteria and Archaea.
Eukaryotic Cells
- Have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- Larger and more complex.
- Examples: Animal cells, plant cells, fungi, and protists.

Cell Membrane
- Semi-permeable barrier that regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
Nucleus
- Contains the cell's genetic material (DNA).
- Controls cell activities and reproduction.
Cytoplasm
- Jelly-like fluid that fills the cell and holds organelles in place.
Organelles
- Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell; site of energy (ATP) production.
- Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum:
  - Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes; involved in protein synthesis.
  - Smooth ER: Lacks ribosomes; involved in lipid synthesis.
- Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.
- Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes for breaking down waste.

Mitosis
- Process of asexual reproduction in somatic (body) cells.
- Results in two genetically identical daughter cells.
Meiosis
- Process of sexual reproduction; produces gametes (sperm and eggs).
- Results in four genetically varied daughter cells.

Cells communicate through signals and receptors, including:
- Hormones
- Neurotransmitters
- Cell surface proteins

Passive Transport
- Movement of molecules across the cell membrane without energy input.
- Examples: Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion.
Active Transport
- Movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP).
- Example: Sodium-potassium pump.

Process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy (ATP), carbon dioxide, and water.
Stages: Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain.

Understanding cell structure and function is crucial for advancements in medicine, biotechnology, and environmental science.

Focuses on the structure, function, and behavior of cells, the building blocks of life.

Prokaryotic Cells
- Do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
- Typically smaller and less complex than eukaryotic cells.
- Examples include Bacteria and Archaea.
Eukaryotic Cells
- Contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- Generally larger and more complex.
- Examples include animal cells, plant cells, fungi, and protists.

Cell Membrane
- A semi-permeable barrier that controls substance movement in and out of cells.
Nucleus
- Houses the cell’s genetic material (DNA) and regulates cell activities and reproduction.
Cytoplasm
- A gel-like substance filling the cell that supports organelles.
Organelles
- Mitochondria: Energy production site, often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell.
- Ribosomes: Locations for protein synthesis.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum:
  - Rough ER: Involved in protein synthesis, covered with ribosomes.
  - Smooth ER: Involved in lipid synthesis, lacking ribosomes.
- Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for distribution.
- Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes for breaking down cellular waste.

Mitosis
- A method of asexual reproduction resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells.
Meiosis
- A type of cell division for sexual reproduction producing gametes; results in four genetically varied daughter cells.

Cells utilize various signals and receptors for communication, including:
- Hormones
- Neurotransmitters
- Cell surface proteins.

Passive Transport
- Movement of molecules across the membrane without energy use, includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.
Active Transport
- Requires energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient, exemplified by the sodium-potassium pump.

The process of converting glucose and oxygen into energy (ATP), water, and carbon dioxide, comprising three stages:
- Glycolysis
- Krebs Cycle
- Electron Transport Chain.