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Questions and Answers
List the four phases in the mitosis process.
List the four phases in the mitosis process.
Telophase, Metaphase, Prophase, Anaphase
Where is mitosis in the cell cycle (Before and after)?
Where is mitosis in the cell cycle (Before and after)?
(Before): G1/cytokinesis (After): G2/S(ynthesis)
What three phases of the cell cycle are considered interphase?
What three phases of the cell cycle are considered interphase?
G1, G2, S
How many cells are present at the beginning of mitosis?
How many cells are present at the beginning of mitosis?
How many cells are present at the end of mitosis?
How many cells are present at the end of mitosis?
How many chromatids are in each replicated chromosome?
How many chromatids are in each replicated chromosome?
How many replicated chromosomes are in the original cell during prophase?
How many replicated chromosomes are in the original cell during prophase?
How many single chromosomes are in each of the new cells in telophase?
How many single chromosomes are in each of the new cells in telophase?
What is a chromosome and why is it important?
What is a chromosome and why is it important?
What might the new cells in telophase contain if replication of chromosomes did not occur before cytokinesis? Would cells be viable?
What might the new cells in telophase contain if replication of chromosomes did not occur before cytokinesis? Would cells be viable?
Why do you think the cell needs to make more DNA during the S(ynthesis) phase in the cell cycle?
Why do you think the cell needs to make more DNA during the S(ynthesis) phase in the cell cycle?
During what phase of the cell cycle do you think the chromosomes are replicated?
During what phase of the cell cycle do you think the chromosomes are replicated?
In which phase of mitosis do you see the spindle fibers forming?
In which phase of mitosis do you see the spindle fibers forming?
At what phase of mitosis do the replicated chromosomes (sister chromatids) separate?
At what phase of mitosis do the replicated chromosomes (sister chromatids) separate?
In which phase do you see that the spindle fibers have disappeared?
In which phase do you see that the spindle fibers have disappeared?
Suggest the purpose of the spindle fibers during mitosis.
Suggest the purpose of the spindle fibers during mitosis.
Describe what happens to the nuclear membrane after prophase.
Describe what happens to the nuclear membrane after prophase.
Explain why it is necessary that the nuclear membrane disintegrates during mitosis.
Explain why it is necessary that the nuclear membrane disintegrates during mitosis.
At what point during mitosis has the nuclear membrane reformed?
At what point during mitosis has the nuclear membrane reformed?
What is actually dividing during cytokinesis?
What is actually dividing during cytokinesis?
Explain why mitosis has to come before cytokinesis in the cell cycle.
Explain why mitosis has to come before cytokinesis in the cell cycle.
Why does the DNA have to coil up into chromosome structures before it divides?
Why does the DNA have to coil up into chromosome structures before it divides?
Describe prophase.
Describe prophase.
Describe metaphase.
Describe metaphase.
Describe anaphase.
Describe anaphase.
Describe telophase.
Describe telophase.
Describe cytokinesis.
Describe cytokinesis.
In some cells, mitosis occurs without cytokinesis. What would the resulting cell look like?
In some cells, mitosis occurs without cytokinesis. What would the resulting cell look like?
Why is mitosis important in a skinned knee and during the growth of the plant?
Why is mitosis important in a skinned knee and during the growth of the plant?
What would the effect be on a cell if the sister chromatids did not line up correctly during metaphase?
What would the effect be on a cell if the sister chromatids did not line up correctly during metaphase?
Describe the effects on mitosis in a cell that has been treated with colchicine.
Describe the effects on mitosis in a cell that has been treated with colchicine.
Predict how binary fission in prokaryotic cells might be different from mitosis in eukaryotic organisms.
Predict how binary fission in prokaryotic cells might be different from mitosis in eukaryotic organisms.
Study Notes
Mitosis Overview
- Mitosis consists of four main phases: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
- It occurs during the cell cycle, specifically between G1 (growth phase) and G2 (post-DNA synthesis phase).
Cell Cycle Phases
- Interphase includes three phases: G1 (growth), S (DNA synthesis), and G2 (preparation for mitosis).
- One cell begins mitosis and divides into two cells by the end.
Chromosome Structure and Division
- Each replicated chromosome consists of two sister chromatids.
- During Prophase, four replicated chromosomes are present.
- In Telophase, each new cell contains four single chromosomes.
Chromosome Importance
- Chromosomes are composed of DNA and proteins, essential for carrying genetic information.
Consequences of DNA Replication Failure
- Cells may have incomplete sets of chromosomes if DNA replication does not occur prior to cytokinesis, leading to non-viable cells.
Role of DNA Replication
- DNA must be replicated during the S phase to ensure both new cells receive the correct number of chromosomes.
Mitosis Stages
- Prophase: Chromosomes become visible; nuclear membrane disintegrates; spindle fibers form.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the cell's equator; spindle fibers attach at their centromeres.
- Anaphase: Spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart, moving them to opposite sides of the cell.
- Telophase: Two distinct groups of single chromosomes form; nuclear membranes start to reassemble.
Cytokinesis
- Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm, creating two daughter cells.
- It follows mitosis, ensuring nuclei are divided before the rest of the cell divides.
Chromosome Coiling Necessity
- DNA must coil into chromosomes prior to division to prevent loss or damage during separation.
Mitosis vs. Cytokinesis
- Mitosis is crucial for accurate nuclear content division before cytokinesis occurs.
Effects of Misalignment and Treatment
- Improper alignment during Metaphase can cause aneuploidy (too many or too few chromosomes), affecting cell viability.
- Colchicine disrupts spindle fiber formation, leading to incorrect chromosome separation during mitosis.
Multinucleated Cells
- If mitosis occurs without cytokinesis, the resulting cell will have multiple nuclei.
Importance of Mitosis
- Essential for healing (e.g., skinned knee) and plant growth, facilitating formation of new cells and tissues.
Binary Fission in Prokaryotes
- Binary fission is simpler than mitosis; it involves a single chromosome being copied and the cell pinching into two new cells, each with one chromosome.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the phases of mitosis and the cell cycle with these flashcards. This quiz covers important concepts such as interphase and the specific stages of mitosis, helping you to solidify your understanding of cell division.
