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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of transport vesicles in protein trafficking?
What is the primary function of transport vesicles in protein trafficking?
Where are proteins synthesized that are destined for the ER?
Where are proteins synthesized that are destined for the ER?
Which proteins are likely to utilize vesicle-mediated trafficking?
Which proteins are likely to utilize vesicle-mediated trafficking?
What occurs at the branch point involving protein entry into the ER?
What occurs at the branch point involving protein entry into the ER?
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What is the order of the secretory pathway in protein trafficking?
What is the order of the secretory pathway in protein trafficking?
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What is the primary function of membrane trafficking in the cell?
What is the primary function of membrane trafficking in the cell?
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What distinguishes the endocytic pathway from the secretory pathway?
What distinguishes the endocytic pathway from the secretory pathway?
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Where does the process of protein glycosylation primarily occur?
Where does the process of protein glycosylation primarily occur?
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What is the role of coat proteins in vesicular transport?
What is the role of coat proteins in vesicular transport?
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Which pathway is characterized by the movement of newly synthesized materials from the endoplasmic reticulum to the extracellular space?
Which pathway is characterized by the movement of newly synthesized materials from the endoplasmic reticulum to the extracellular space?
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Study Notes
Membrane Trafficking Overview
- Membrane trafficking is a critical cellular process for maintaining cell function
- It transports nutrients and other solutes to all parts of the cell
- It involves a complex, highly regulated system like a parcel sorting office
- The transport can occur within organelles or across the cell membrane
- This process is divided into two pathways based on the direction of travel: endocytic pathway and secretory pathway
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- The ER plays a role in protein secretion
- It targets proteins to the ER
- Proteins are inserted into the ER membrane
- Proteins and lipids are exported from the ER
Golgi Apparatus
- The Golgi apparatus organizes proteins within the Golgi
- Protein glycosylation occurs within the Golgi
- The Golgi handles lipid and polysaccharide metabolism
- Proteins are sorted and exported from the Golgi apparatus
Vesicular Transport
- Cargo selection, coat proteins, and vesicle budding are involved in vesicular transport
- Vesicle fusion is a critical step
- Membrane trafficking involves the movement of cargo (proteins, pathogens, and other macro-molecules) using membrane-bound transport vesicles
Lysosomes
- Lysosomal acid hydrolases are present in lysosomes
- Endocytosis and lysosome formation occur in lysosomes
- Phagocytosis and autophagy are processes that happen in lysosomes
Protein Trafficking
- Proteins must be sent to the correct location after synthesis
- Transport vesicles are involved in mediating membrane trafficking
- Protein trafficking is divided into vesicle-mediated and non-vesicle mediated traffic types
Protein sorting
- Proteins synthesized in free ribosomes in the cytosol can remain in the cytosol or be transported to the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, or peroxisomes.
- Proteins synthesized from membrane-bound ribosomes are translocated into the ER during translation and then either remain in the ER, or are transported to the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, the plasma membrane, or the cell exterior via secretory vesicles.
Secretory Pathway
- The secretory pathway involves transporting proteins from the rough ER to the Golgi to secretory vesicles to the cell exterior
- The ER and Golgi are essential as protein modification
Protein Retrieval
- Proteins destined to remain in the ER lumen are marked with the KDEL sequence
- These proteins are exported from the ER to the Golgi, but the Golgi and ERGIC receptors will ensure return to the ER
- Proteins are sorted in the trans Golgi network to their final destinations
Golgi Organization
- The Golgi apparatus consists of flattened membrane-enclosed sacs receiving proteins from the ER to process and sort proteins to reach their eventual destinations
Golgi Regions
- Vesicles from the ER fuse to form the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment
- Proteins are transported from the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment to the cis Golgi network
- Proteins are returned back to the ER or Golgi via recycling pathway
- Final modifications occur in the medial and trans compartments of the Golgi stack
Transport from the Golgi Apparatus
- Proteins are sorted in the trans Golgi network
- Proteins can be carried to the plasma membrane via constitutive secretion
- Proteins can also be transported from the Golgi network via a regulated pathway to target other locations such as endosomes or lysosomes
Vesicle Fusion
- Vesicle fusion involves two events: the transport vesicle recognizing its target membrane and the vesicle and target membranes fusing together
- Coat proteins help sort the proteins for transport into the coated bud for transport
- SNARE proteins drive membrane fusion
Coat proteins
- Coat proteins are involved in cargo selection, vesicle budding
- Different kinds of coat proteins are involved in various transport steps
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Description
Explore the critical cellular process of membrane trafficking that helps maintain cell function. This quiz covers the roles of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus in protein secretion and processing, as well as the mechanisms of vesicular transport. Test your understanding of these essential biological concepts.